Skin disorders infection

Cellulitis and erysipelas are bacterial infections of the skin. Although separate entities, there is some clinical difficulty in distinguishing the two. 0 Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, whereas erysipelas is a more superficial infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics. Although both can occur on any part of the body, about 90% of infections involve the leg.8,9 Another 7.5% of cases involve the arm or face. Erysipelas is most common in the young and the elderly. Typically, both infections develop after a break in skin integrity, resulting from trauma, surgery, ulceration, burns, tinea infection, or other skin disorder. 

Adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of pediatric patients include abnormal gait, aggressive reaction, anorexia, ataxia, confusion, constipation, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, dizziness, epistaxis, fatigue, gastroenteritis, hyperkinesia, increased saliva, injury, insomnia, nausea, nervousness, personality disorder (behavior problems), pneumonia, psychomotor slowing, purpura, skin disorder, somnolence, speech disorders/related speech problems, urinary incontinence, viral infection, weight decrease. 

Work during the last ten years on photodynamic therapy (PDT) has established the methodology as effective in the early treatment of cancers, and in the treattnent of certain skin disorders and viral infections. Approval by the regulatory authorities for sensitisers in this process began in 1993 when Canada allowed the use of Photofrin (QLT Therapeutics), an action followed later by most countries around the world. Now many other companies have sensitisers at late stage clinical dials (2001), see below in Table 4.5. An excellent introduction to the chemistry of this topic is provided in the book written by Bonnett. ... 

These are applied topically to the affected area and are often used for skin disorders, ulcers, infections and trauma. They work directly on the focus of the disease. They work constantly and are steadily absorbed by the body. 

These herbs are able to clear heat and dry dampness. They are particularly used when the skin lesions are very red, itchy and weeping, indicating accumulation of damp-heat. They are selected not only for treating boils and carbuncles, but also other skin disorders such as eczema with infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. They can also be applied topically to relieve itch and dry oozing. 

Many skin disorders are associated with at least one of the characteristics of inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperproliferation, hypodifferentiation, infection, apoptosis, and autoimmune reactions. GTPs are uniquely positioned to antagonize these conditions with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, prodifferentiation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of autoantigen properties. Thus, many skin conditions, including autoimmune-induced lupus and psoriasis, wounds created by trauma or infections, damage induced by environmental factors such as UVB, and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff), could be treated or managed by topical application of GTPs. 

Zinc and Immunity. Zinc is required for Immunocompetence. Recently published reviews have detailed the role of zinc (92-95). Early clinical descriptions of zinc deficiency and impaired Immune function were first reported by Brummerstedt et al.(96) who reported that calves with a genetically acquired inability to absorb zinc suffered from stunted growth, several skin disorders, viral and fungal infections, and atrophied thymus glands. These symptoms could be reversed by the administration of large amounts of dietary zinc. 

When a skin disorder requiring a corticosteroid is already infected, a preparation containing an antimicrobial is added, e.g. fusidic acid or clotrimazole. When the infection is eliminated the corticosteroid may be continued alone. 

A needed for normal vision, reproduction, and maintenance of healthy skin, mucous membranes, bones, red blood cells, cell differentiation, and im-mune fimction night blindness, xerophthalmia, loss of appetite, increased susceptibiHty to infections, skin disorders, poor growth, defective reproduction regression of precancerous lesions, reduces measle-associated morbidity in children... 

Our observations showed that wild animals consumed the highest number of plant species, which were also used by the local people against skin disorders and infections (Table 2), followed by those used for fever, as tonics, rheumatism and wounds. We also found that the plant parts used by humans and animals were not similar in most of the cases (Table 2), yet the overlap that occurs (44%), is of great interest. This overlap is mainly for ailments such as skin disorders, as tonics, jaundice, stomach ache, wounds and urinary disorder (Table 2). 

Skin disorder is the disruption of the skin caused by inflammation, abnormal skin growth, allergic reactions, viral, bacteria or fungal infections, or trauma. Lesions (tissue damage) also disrupt the skin. Common lesions are ... 

Direct access to target or diseased site, e.g. treatment of skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema and fungal infections [14]... 

In this chapter skin disorders that are self-treatable and dermatologic reactions to medications are presented from a primary care perspective of a pharmacist or other health professional who commonly recommends nonprescription therapies, or refers patients to prescribers or physician specialists. Skin infections are mentioned here, but covered in detail in Chap. 108, on skin and soft tissue infections. 

ALLERGIC, IRRITANT, AND INFECTION-RELATED SKIN DISORDERS... 

The skin is the largest organ of the body and forms a barrier between the external environment and the internal organs of the body. The skin is subject to trauma and damage. Common skin disorders are eczema, psoriasis and infection. 

This herb may be used as a topical anti-infective on burns, boils, and minor wounds. It is also used as a topical agenl in the therapy of skin disorders such as eczema. 

Resistance to sulfonamides is now common for N. meningitidiSy as well as in cases of bacillary dysentery. Antibiotics have generally replaced the sulfonamides for these purposes. Sulfonamides, particulady sulfisoxazole and sulfadiazine, are of value in treatment of infections due to Nocardia species, and sulfonamides are effective for trachoma. Inclusion conjunctivitis is also treated with sulfacetamide ointment. Oral administration of a sulfonamide, eg, sulfisoxazole, has been successful for treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum and chancroid Dapsone and sulfonamides have also been used for treatment of the skin disorder dermatitis herpetiformis. Sulfonamides have been used for long term prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, but are being replaced by penicillin for this purpose, except in cases of hypersensitivity to penicillin (19). 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 1900 mg/kg LDLo (skin, rabbit) 5 g/kg mod. toxic by ing. low toxicity by skin contact TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating vapors Uses Fragrance antimicrobial, mild antiinflammatory, preservative, antiseptic for pharmaceutical ointments, skin treatment, colored cosmetics, to treat wounds, bacterial infections, fungal infections, insect bites, abrasions, in oral care, salves, balms, veterinary skin care and shampoos Features Penetrates the skin readily accelerates the healing of skin disorders Manuf./Disthb. AMC Chems. Arista Ind. http //www.aristaindustries.com-, Cosmetic Supplies USA... 

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