Speech disorder

Dysarthria A speech disorder due to weakness or incoordination of speech muscles speech is slow, weak, and imprecise. 

Toxicologists nowadays take a broad view of developmental toxicity they consider not only structural but also functional abnormalities to qualify as adverse, as long as they were produced as a result of exposures incurred in utero. Thus, for example, the developmental effects of chronic alcohol abuse by pregnant women, known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), are characterized not only by the presence of certain craniofacial abnormalities, but also by a variety of disabilities such as shortened attention span, speech disorders, and restlessness. Although fully expressed physical deformities included in FAS are associated with heavy drinking, debate continues on the level of alcohol consumption, if any, that is without these more subtle effects on behavior. 

Miscellaneous Facial swelling weight gain weight loss Raynaud s phenomenon speech disorder earache asthenia malaise fever death. 

Adverse reactions that occurred in 3% or more of patients include the following abnormal gait, abdominal pain, accidental injury, amblyopia, asthenia, ataxia, confusion, cough increased, depression, diarrhea, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, dizziness, ecchymosis, emotional lability, flu syndrome, hostility, infection, insomnia, myalgia, nausea, nervousness, paresthesia, pain (unspecified), pharyngitis, rash, somnolence, speech disorder, tremor, urinary tract infection, vomiting. 

Children-The incidences of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse events in pediatric patients generally were lower than previously observed in adults. These events included psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems, and language problems. The most frequently reported neuropsychiatric events in this population were somnolence and fatigue. 

Adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of pediatric patients include abnormal gait, aggressive reaction, anorexia, ataxia, confusion, constipation, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, dizziness, epistaxis, fatigue, gastroenteritis, hyperkinesia, increased saliva, injury, insomnia, nausea, nervousness, personality disorder (behavior problems), pneumonia, psychomotor slowing, purpura, skin disorder, somnolence, speech disorders/related speech problems, urinary incontinence, viral infection, weight decrease. 

In general, adverse events occur within the first week following injection of botulinum toxin type A and, while generally transient, may have a duration of several months. CD. Adverse reactions in at least 3% of patients include dysphagia, upper respiratory infection, neck pain, headache, dyspnea, increased cough, flu syndrome, back pain, rhinitis, dizziness, hypertonia, injection site soreness, asthenia, oral dryness, speech disorder, fever, nausea, and drowsiness. 

The neurotoxic effects of aluminum were first observed in people undergoing dialysis for treatment of kidney failure. This syndrome, called dialysis dementia, starts with speech disorders and progresses to dementia and convulsions. Symptoms corresponded with elevated aluminum levels commonly found in bone, brain, and muscle following 3 to 7 years of treatment. Elevated levels of aluminum were also found in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer s disease. Despite considerable research, it is not clear if the aluminum accumulation in the brain is a cause of Alzheimer s disease or a result of changes in the brain associated with the disease. 

A 61-year-old woman developed a bradydysrhythmia after a cardiac arrest (57). Her lactate concentration was 18 mmol/1, pH 6.60, blood glucose 19 mmol/1, and creatinine 1136 pmol/1. She had a 5-year history of type 2 diabetes treated with glimepiride 3 mg/day and metformin 850 mg tds, and 4 months before admission had had a serum creatinine concentration of 1.1 mg/dl. In the few days before admission she had had abdominal pain, nausea, and a speech disorder. She was treated with hemodialysis, and 6 weeks later the creatinine was 0.54 mg/dl. Further information about events leading to the acute renal insufficiency was not given, but a diagnosis of metformin-associated lactic acidosis was made. 

A 2001 study demonstrated a potential new therapeutic role for dextroamphetamine. The study indicated that it may help some stroke survivors recover faster from the stroke-caused speech disorder known as aphasia. Officially, however, amphetamine has been approved only for the treatment of narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obesity. 

Slow, relatively low exposure accumulation of Al over a period of years can lead to a number of clinical manifestations, some of which seem to be bypassed in acute Al encephalopathy due to extremely high exposure to Al. Al encephalopathy is a clinical syndrome and, as can be seen in Table 5, there are similarities and differences in the neurological symptoms of acute and chronic Al encephalopathy. In chronic Al encephalopathy microcytic anemia [41, 93, 95—98] and EEG changes [99-104] can precede clinical symptoms [105]. It is unknown if these symptoms can also precede the clinical symptoms of acute encephalopathy. In contrast to acute Al encephalopathy, where speech disturbances are absent, speech disorders are an important presenting clinical sign of neurotoxicity in chronic Al encephalopathy. The neurological basis of the speech apraxia is obscure but it appears to have elements of dysarthria and dysphasia [33, 73], The initial... 

Elevated aluminum levels have been implicated as the cause of dialysis encephalopathy or dementia in renal failure patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis [85]. Some patients used aluminum-containing medications. Moreover, patients with renal failure cannot remove aluminum from the blood. Dialysis dementia can arise after three to seven years of hemodialysis treatment. Speech disorders precede dementia and convulsions. Since many hemodialysis units rely on systems to purify fluoridated tap water, it is likely that many patients are being exposed inadvertently to increased concentrations of fluoride and aluminum. Increased serum fluoride concentration and fluoride intoxication have been also observed in chronic hemodialysis patients. Arnow et al. [96] reported that 12 of 15 patients receiving dialysis treatment in one room became acutely ill, with multiple non-specific symptoms and fatal ventricular fibrillation. Death was associated with longer hemodialysis time and increased age compared with other patients who became ill. 

Speech disorder often the presenting symptom slowing of speech, stuttering, stammering, misarticulation, 87%... 

Toxicity and health effects Prolonged periods of exposure to acrylamide through inhalation, skin absorption, and or eye contact cause irritation to the mucous membranes, the nose, and the eyes. Exposed workers also suffer from nausea, speech disorders, and weakness of legs and hands. It is a neurotoxin and disturbs the functions of the CNS, resulting in peripheral nerve damage. - ... 

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), encephalopathy, weakness, malaise, neurofibrillary tangles, neuritis, retrobulbar neuritis, neuropathy, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, dementia, presenile and senile dementia, decreased locomotor activity, and speech disorders... 

From 1973 onward many cases of an encephalopathy were reported among bismuth users. By 1979, 945 cases had been recorded in France alone, 72 of them fatal the worldwide total exceeded 1000 cases. Bismuth encephalopathy is characterized by ataxia, confusion, speech disorder, and myoclonus. The subgaUate and oxychloride have been imphcated, as has the subcitrate when used in a patient... 

Neurological adverse effects of ciclosporin have been reported in up to 39% of all transplant patients. Most are mild. The most frequent is a fine tremor, the mechanism of which is not known. From many case reports or studies in transplant patients, the pattern of ciclosporin neurotoxicity ranges from common and mild to moderate symptoms, such as headaches, tremors, paresthesia, restlessness, mood changes, sleep disturbances, confusion, agitation, and visual hallucinations, to rare but severe or hfe-threatening disorders, including acute psychotic episodes, cerebellar disorders, cortical blindness (permanent in one report), spasticity or paralysis of the limbs, catatonia, speech disorders or mutism, chorea, seizures, leukoencephalopathy, and coma (SED-13,1124) (SEDA-16, 516) (SEDA-17, 520) (SEDA-20, 343) (SEDA-21, 383) (17-19). 

When neurological symptoms occur in patients taking tacrolimus they are very similar to those seen in patients taking ciclosporin, with more frequent insomnia, tremor, and headaches, but a similar rate of severe neurological adverse effects, such as acute psychosis, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, encephalopathy, coma, and paralysis. Persistent speech disorders (dysarthria, apraxia, expressive aphasia, akinetic mutism), and visual blurring can also occur (SEDA-21, 391) (SEDA-22, 420) (24). 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS kidney and/or liver damage weakness staggering gait spasmodic paresis accompanied by muscular weakness speech disorders nystagmus finger, muscle fiber tremor leg weakness sensitivity disorders, numbness cranial nerve problems somnolence vertigo fatty degeneration of the liver, renal tissue, and the heart. 

People affected by dementia often have trouble naming objects, people, and sounds. Medications given to improve memory can also improve this related speech disorder. Speech therapy is also beneficial the client can practice communication skills, and family and friends can be taught how to give subtle verbal cues to the client without causing added frustration. 

CNS toxicity initial signs are usually excitatory in nature, as there is a preferential block of inhibitory central pathways. These include shivering, muscle twitching, and tremors. Patients may report dizziness, ear disorder and deafness, tinnitus, speech disorders, circumoral paresthesia, and taste perversion. 

Most common reported side effects are fatigue, somnolence, dry mouth, dizziness, and hypotension, happening in 3-5% of patients and the most common reason to stop the medication. They are dose-dependent and peak at 2-3 h post-ingestion and clearly correlate with the peak plasma level of the medication [1-3]. Infrequent side effects are liver function abnormalities, constipation and vomiting, feeling nervous or depression, speech disorder or visual hallucination or blurred vision and UTI. Formed visual hallucinations were reported in 5/170 patients (3%) in two North American clinical trials. It happened within... 

Systematic reviews A meta-analysis of clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of retigabine reported adverse effect rates of 46-73%, 60-80%, and 72-91.5% with retigabine doses of 600, 900, and 1200 mg/day, respectively [ISl j. The most common adverse effects included dizziness, somnolence, confusion, fatigue, headache, and speech disorder. Less common adverse effects were vertigo, dysarthria, blurred vision, diplopia, urinary tract infection, ataxia, tremor, amnesia, memory impairment, nausea, disturbance of attention, gait disturbance, and anxiety [151,152 ]. Adverse event rates were dose dependent and occurred mostly during the early titration phase [153 j. 

Aluminum Inorganic Encephalopathy (dialysis), with speech disorders, aphasia, dementia... 

II. Moderate Speech disorders clumsiness of movements abnormal gait altered balance exaggerated refiexes in low er limbS expressionless facieS adiodokinesis and fine tremors... 

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