Silver, antimicrobial

Kumar, R., Howdle, S. and Munstedt, H. (2005) Polyamide/silver antimicrobials Effect of filler types on the silver ion release. /. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater., 75 (2), 311—319. 

Modern Plastics International 33, No.4, April 2003, p.54-8 SILVER ANTIMICROBIALS START PROVING THEIR METTLE... 

Silver Antimicrobial. Colonisation Sensitivity to silver Acticoat (S N)... 

D Parsons, P G Bowler, V Myles, S Jones, Silver antimicrobial dressing in wound management a comparison of antibacterial, physical, and chemical characteristics . Wounds, 200517(8)222. 

Silver antimicrobials are usually zeolites but some contain zinc or copper besides silver. Others are ceramies, from which silver ions are gradually released in the presence of moisture or another metallie ion. The release rate can be controlled to match the lifetime of the end product. Silver chloride deposited on titanium dioxide is being marketed. 

Unknown Silver Antimicrobial Wound care/ bandage Curad ... 

Natural rubber Silver Antimicrobial Latex gloves ... 

In another example, antimicrobial silver ions are combined with a hydrogel. Silva-Sorb Silver Antimicrobial Wound Gel is an amorphous gel wound dressing for use in moist wound healing. Its SilvaSorb MicroLattice technology maintains an optimally moist wound environment by either absorbing wound drainage or donating moisture while it delivers antimicrobial ionic silver. SilvaSorb Silver Antimicrobial Wound Gel can act as an effective antimiCTobial barrier. 

Uses. Silver fluoride has found many laboratory and special industrial appHcations. It is used as a soft (nHld) fluorinating agent for selective fluorination (7—17), as a cathode material in batteries (qv) (18), and as an antimicrobial agent (19). Silver fluoride is commercially available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich Chemicals, Cerac Corp., Johnson/Matthey, PCR, Atochem, and other sources in the United States. The U.S. price of silver fluoride in 1993 was 1000— 1400/kg and the total U.S. consumption was less than 200 kg/yr. 

Antimicrobial agents are used where there is a need to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth. The additives can consist of copper, germanium, zinc and zinc compounds, metal oxides or sulfides, metal zeofltes, as well as silver and copper oxide-coated inorganic core particles (154—159) (see Industrial ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS). 

Metal compounds, particularly compounds of the heavy metals, have a history of importance as antimicrobial agents. Because of regulations regarding economic poisons in the environment they are no longer widely used in this appHcation. Mercury, lead, cadmium, uranium, and other metals have been imphcated in cases of poisoning that resulted in government response. The metals whose compounds have been of primary interest as antimicrobials are mercury, silver, and copper. 

Russell A.D. Hugo W.B. (1994) Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. InProgress inMedicinal Chemistry (eds G.P. Ellis D.K. Luscombe), vol. 39, pp. 351-370. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

P-lactam antimicrobials, gatifloxacin, indinavir, isoniazid, levofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, silver sulfadiazine, streptomycin, sulfonamide antimicrobials, and tetracyclines... 

Kumar, A., Vemula, P.K., Ajayan, P.M.and John, G. (2000) Silver-nanoparticle-embedded antimicrobial paints based on vegetable oil. Nature Materials, 7,236-241. 

Antimicrobials Silver containing zeolites, 2,4,4 -trichloro-2 -hydroxydiphenyl ether... 

Their antimicrobial activities were found to be improved compared with those of silver(i) nitrate. Encapsulation of 69 by electrospun tecophilic nanofibres for the formation of antimicrobial nanosilver particles was also achieved. 

Ruden S, Hilpert K, Berditsch M, Wadhwani P, Ulrich AS (2009) Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 3538-3540... 

Silver and its compounds have long been used as antimicrobial agents in medicine. The mechanisms of silver toxicity as they relate to human exposure to pharmaceuticals have been reviewed (328). Silver is active at low concentrations and has a low toxicity. The practice of instilling the eyes of infants with 1% of AgN03 solution immediately after birth is still common in some countries, for prevention of opthalmia neonatorum (329). Silver sulfadiazine 77 is clinically used as a topical antimicrobial and antifungal agent and applied as a cream to prevent bacterial infections in cases of severe burns. It is an insoluble polymeric compound and releases Ag(I) ions slowly. 

Current generator used in conjunction with an implanted silver electrode (drug) that produces silver ions for an antimicrobial purpose. 

It is used in the form of silver salts (sulfadiazine silver) as an external antibacterial agent, primarily for treating bums. It is believed that the presence of the silver ion in the molecule facilitates increased antimicrobial and wound-healing action. 

However the mechanism of the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles is not well understood. It has been recently reported that Nanosilver represents a special physicochemical system which confers its antimicrobial activities via Ag-t [11]. According to Morones et al., the bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles on microorganisms is connected not merely with the release of silver ions in solution [12]. Silver nanoparticles can also be attached to the surface of the cell membrane and drastically distnrb its proper function [12]. They could also penetrate inside the bacteria and canse farther damage by interacting with sulfur and phosphorus-containing componnds snch as DNA. 

The pnrpose of onr stndy was (a) to quantitatively estimate antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles comparing it with that of silver ions and (b) to study the efficacy of nanosilver as an antimicrobial agent against a range of microbes on the surface of paints and 100% cotton fabrics. 

To compare the bactericidal efficacy of silver nanoparticles and silver ions, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were conducted for gram-negative bacterium E. coli, gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and B. subtilis and fungus P. phoeniceum. The data on MICs are summarized in Table 18.1. The results demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of silver ions was superior to that of silver nanoparticles against all microbes tested. 

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