Antimicrobials topical

Cultural (intersubjective) general desire of the market for the product perceived need requirements Societal (interobjective) laws, rules, mandates, regulations concerning antimicrobial topics... 

Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol p-Chloro-m-cresol Dimethyl oxazolidine 10,10 -Oxybisphenoxyarsine 2-Thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole antimicrobial, thickeners Dichlorophene Methylenebis (thiocyanate) antimicrobial, timber Sodium o-phenylphenate antimicrobial, tobacco Sorbic acid antimicrobial, toners Willow (Salix alba) bark extract antimicrobial, topical Basic violet 3 3,4,4 -Trichlorocarbanilide antimicrobial, topical anti-infectives Thimerosal... 

Tea tree oil comes from an evergreen tree native to Australia. The herb has been used as a nonirritating, antimicrobial for cuts stings wounds burns and acne. It can be found in shampoos soaps and lotions. Tea tree oil should not be ingested orally but is effective when used topically for minor cuts and stings. Tea tree oil is used as an antifungal to relieve and control the symptoms of tinea pedis Topical application is most effective when used in a cream with at least 10% tea tree oil. Several commercially prepared ointments are available. The cream is applied to affected areas twice daily for several weeks... 

Tea tree oil Melaleuca alternifolia Topical antimicrobial Contact dermatitis For topical use only do not take orally. 

Of these, noxythiolin (N-hydroxy-Af-methylthiourea) has the greatest pharmaceutical use as an antimicrobial agent. The compound is supplied as a dry powder and on aqueous reconstitution slowly releases formaldehyde and iV-mefhylthiourea. Antimicrobial activity is considered to be due to both the noxythiolin molecule and the released formaldehyde. Noxythiolin is used both topically and in accessible body cavities as an irrigation solution and in the treatment of peritonitis. The compound has extensive antibacterial and antifungal properties. 

The activity of diamidines is reduced by acid pH and in the presence of blood and serum. Microorganisms may acquire resistance by serial subculture in the presence of increasing doses of the compounds. Propamidine and dibromopropamidine, as the isethionate salts, are the major diamidine derivatives employed as antimicrobial agents propamidine in the form of eye-drops (0.1%) for amoebic infection and dibromopropamidine for topical treatment of minor infections. 

BPO = benzoyl peroxide AA = azelaic acid TR = topical retinoid SA = salicylic acid OA = oral antibiotic TA = topical antimicrobial... 

Prevention is key in the management of pressure sores. Mild superficial pressure sore infections may be treated with topical antimicrobial agents. Systemic antibiotics are indicated for pressure sores associated with spreading cellulitis, osteomyelitis, or bacteremia. 

Mild superficial infections, such as those that present clinically with delayed wound healing or minimal cellulitis, may be treated with topical antimicrobial agents.37 Table 70-9 lists some frequently used systemic and topical antibiotics. 

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIALS, FROM A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE... 

Multidose Packaging of Unpreserved Topical Drops. In some cases it may be desirable to provide a product without an antimicrobial preservative for patients who exhibit sensitivity to various preservatives. This can be accomplished with the use of unit dose containers, but these usually contain more than that... 

Hoover WW, Gerlach EH, Hoban DJ, Eliopou-los GM, Pfaller MA, Jones RN Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of rifaximin, a new topical rifamycin derivative. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993 16 111-118. 

Systemic therapy with a variety of (3-lactams, macro-lides and lincosamides (clindamycin) has been the cornerstone of skin infection therapy for many years [17]. However, topical antibiotics can play an important role in both treatment and prevention of many primary cutaneous bacterial infections commonly seen in the dermatological practice [18], Indeed, while systemic antimicrobials are needed in the complicated infections of skin and skin structure, the milder forms can be successfully treated with topical therapy alone [18], The topical agents used most often in the treatment of superficial cutaneous bacterial infections are tetracyclines, mupirocin, bacitracin, polymyxin B, and neomycin. 

Due to the frequent difficulty of doing cultures before giving an antibacterial drug, topical treatment often requires the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the selection of resistant strains, especially via the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials with marked systemic dif-... 

Spann CT, Taylor SC, Weinberg JM Topical antimicrobial agents in dermatology. Dis Mon 2004,50 407 121. 

Which one of the following antimicrobial agents is primarily administered topically ... 

Mild acne usually is managed with topical retinoids alone or with topical antimicrobials, salicylic acid, or azelaic acid. 

See Chap. 109, Antimicrobial Regimen Selection, authored by David S. Burgess, for a more detailed discussion of this topic. 

Silver and its compounds have long been used as antimicrobial agents in medicine. The mechanisms of silver toxicity as they relate to human exposure to pharmaceuticals have been reviewed (328). Silver is active at low concentrations and has a low toxicity. The practice of instilling the eyes of infants with 1% of AgN03 solution immediately after birth is still common in some countries, for prevention of opthalmia neonatorum (329). Silver sulfadiazine 77 is clinically used as a topical antimicrobial and antifungal agent and applied as a cream to prevent bacterial infections in cases of severe burns. It is an insoluble polymeric compound and releases Ag(I) ions slowly. 

An example of a simple CZE method for peptide analysis and characterization is the one developed for protegrin IB-367.37 IB-367 is a peptide containing 17 amino acid residues that possess antimicrobial properties, and it is being developed for treatment of oral mucositis associated with aggressive cancer chemotherapy as well as other topical applications. This polycationic product was chemically synthesized using solid-phase and purified by preparative reversed-phase HPLC. IB-367 is rich in cysteine and arginine residues. 

About 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile as secondary metabolites, including 28 terpenoids, 36 flavonoids and 52 additional compounds [4]. A substantial part of drag effects are determined by the essential oil content. Oil is collected from flower heads, either by steam distillation or solvent extraction, for yields of 0.24-1.90% of fresh or dry plant tissue. Among the essential oil constituents the most active are /-/-a-bisabolol and chamazulene. /-/-a-bisabolol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, sedative and CNS activity. Chamazulene is also anti-inflammatory. Topical applications of chamomile preparation have shown benefit in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and ulceration [5]. 

Weiss MJ, Wong JR, Ha CS, et al. Dequalinium, a topical antimicrobial agent, displays anticarcinoma activity based on selective mitochondrial accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987 84(15) 5444-5448. 

Potential therapeutic applications of host defense peptides also include the lantibiotic nisin. Indeed, nisin has had an impressive history as a food preservative with FDA approval in 1988 for use in pasteurized, processed cheese spreads. The attractiveness of nisin as a potential therapeutic is also enhanced due to its relative resistance to proteases and broad spectrum Gram-positive antimicrobial activity including multidrug-resistant strains. Biosynexus Inc. has licensed the use of nisin for human clinical applications and Immucell Corp. has licensed the use of Mast Out, an antimastitic nisin-containing product, to Pfizer Animal Health." Indeed, nisin formulations have been used as an active agent in the topical therapies Mast Out and Wipe-Out for bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disorder of the udder that is the most persistent disease in dairy cows." ... 

Sader HS, Fedler KA, Rennie RP, Stevens S, Jones RN. (2004) Omiganan pentahydrochloride (MBI 226), a topical 12-amino-acid cationic peptide Spectrum of antimicrobial activity and measurements of bactericidal activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 3112-3118. 

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