Shock effect

L. Davison and R.A. Graham, Shock Compression of Solids, Phys. Rep. 55, 255 (1979). D.G. Doran and R.K. Linde, Shock Effects in Solids, in Solid State Physics, Vol. 19... 

The warming up of the mat is performed by the so-called steam shock effect [173,219]. A prerequisite for this is the high permeability of the particle or fiber mat. Higher moisture contents of the face layers and spraying of water sustain this effect. 

NAO has successfully tested hydraulic flame arrester designs for detonations of hydrogen and oxygen (Mendoza 1999). The NAO hydraulic arresters also have an internal detonation inhibitor (shock absorber) upstream of the gas exit nozzle. See the article by Overhoff et al. (1989) for discussion of shock effects in hydraulic flame arresters. 

Underwater blast effects for Pentolite are given by Cole (Ref 2). Recent peak pressure measurements (Ref 9) confirm Cole s results. Cole (Ref 2) gives the following equations for the underwater shock effects of Pentolite at d 1.6... 

Novelli, G.P. (1992). Oxygen radicals in experimental shock. Effects of spin-trapping nitrones in ameliorating shock pathophysiology. Grit. Care Med. 20, 499-507. 

It is not proposed to include the better known polysaccharides or the plant gums in the group because they can be conveniently classified separately. It must be pointed out, however, that some of these may occur naturally in firm combination with protein as instanced by the shock effect observed when solutions of crude inulin are injected into animals and by the reported isolation of desmoglycogen4 and glycogen combined with myosin.6... 

The gold found in Miethe s experiments was ultimately shown to have been an impurity in his mercury. But at the time of Bent s 1924 article, Miethe s initial results were sufficiently alarming to merit the interview with an economist of Anderson s stature to discuss its implications. In the article, Anderson vividly portrayed the truly shocking effects of inexpensively synthesized gold. Prices, he asserted, would rise with startling and disastrous... 

Beveridge, H.J.R. and Jones, C.G., Shock effects on a bursting disk in a relief manifold, in The Protection of Exothermic Reactors and Pressurised Storage Vessels, I Chem E Symposium Series No. 85, pp. 207-14 (1984). 

Interaction of alkylaluminium derivatives up to C9 chain length with liquid water is explosive and violent shock effects have been noted [4],... 

In TNT pellets the initial Type II low-order detonation does not lead immediately to the final high order but to an intermediate level, of almost normal rate but of very low shock luminosity. A luminous strip due to the collision of the shock waves of two low-ordet detonations in TNT is observed in the simple dark space in some still photographs. Initiation at slightly below the limit, in all of the expls studied, produces low-order detons that fade after traversing-a short distance and the wave fronts show a strong shock effect. In TNT pellets the intermediate-order may also fade... 

Detonation Shock, Shock Effect, Shock Front, Shock Impulse, Shock Pressure,... 

Shock and pressure are not synonyms. We can have a static gas under pressure but there is no shock. There is no shock wave in the gas or shock effect on the wall of the container... 

The kinetic energy of a moving body is E =%mv2, and I suggest that the shock effect might be calculated from this equation by using as m the mass of the matter in the reaction zone for a given explosive (calculated by hydro dynamic theory)... 

It should not be overlooked that an observed shock effect will be dependent upon the elastic limit value of the solid matter upon which impact is made by the matter of the reaction zone. Sand Tests made with Ottawa sand and with iron spheres of the same size should give very different results... 

But when the shock effect is impinged on other matter, it is indicated by its shattering effect (brisance) - not by the total work effect of the explosive. This might be proved by making Sand Tests of Tetryl loaded at different densities. With different densities and consequent different rates of detonation, there should be different amounts of sand crushed ... 

Shock effects are the most prominent of all the consequences of detonations and explosions and a blast is merely a strong shock effect... 

See also Blast Effect (Vol 2, p 180ff), Detonation (and Explosion, Damage Caused by (Vol 3, p D3-L), and previous item on Shock Effect... 

Detonation, Shock Pressure in and Its Measurements. A brief definition of shock pressure is given under Detonation, Shock, Shock Effect, etc. Besides shock pressure, known also as spike pressure, there is also the pressure at the end of the reaction zone (See Detonation, Reaction Zone in). The latter pressure is known as Chapman-Jouguet Pressure or C-J Detonation. It is explained under "Detonation, Chapman-Jouguet Parameters and also under "Detonation (and... 

Shock impedance is the product and graphically it is represented by the slopes of the broken lines in Figs 3 4. Note that in Fig 3 the reflected wave is a rarefaction rather than a shock. Figure 5 (also from Ref 21) is a useful summary of shock effects in metals, rocks, plastics etc in contact with some common explosives... 

Another important secondary process affecting many chondrites is shock metamorphism. Sto flier et al. (1991) quantified the shock effects observed in olivine and plagioclase, and... 

The nomogram in Fig 8 (from Ref 17) summarizes the underwater shock effects of spherical TNT charges fired in deep water. To illustrate the use of this nomogram consider the following problem what are the underwater shock effects at 10 meters from a 1000kg spherical TNT charge The solution to this problem is obtained simply by drawing a line (as shown in Fig 8) between 1000 on the W scale and 10 on the R scale... 

The fundamental approach used was that of hydrodynamics to obtain solutions of equations for the conservation of mass, momentum arid energy. It is convenient to express these equations in vector notation and to consider small amplitude waves separately from waves of finite amplitude. In what follows, we will first discuss the shock effects of underwater expins and then proceed to a quantitative description of gas bubble motion... 

The above iterative method provides a means of estimating shock effects of spherical underwater charges, but the method is cumbersome and the approximations involved (particularly the neglect of dissipation effects) are not completely justifiable... 

To compare shock effects of off-the-side with off-the-end cylindrical charges, we show measured peak pressures and energies from 7.62kg, 7.62m long TNT cylinders of 0.05m diameter in Figs 20 21, respectively (from Ref 17)... 

So far we have been considering theoretical treatments of underwater shock effects. Now we turn our attention to a theoretical description of bubble motion... 

Detonation shock effect, front, impulse, pressure, wave and zone 4 D515... 

If one recalls that a detonation is a chemically-supported shock it becomes obvious why consideration of shock effects is so important in the design of reliable initiation systems for military as well as commercial applications. Indeed almost all initiation schemes rely on the shock produced by a primer-booster combination to detonate the main charge of an expl device. An initiation system that generates too weak or too brief a shock in the main charge of a bomb will result in a dud, or in a misfire if this system is applied to a commercial blasting charge... 

Cellular responses to metal ions include changes of patterns of gene expression. Many of these changes are non-specific shock effects for example, subsets of the heat shock proteins are synthesised in response to Cd (Czarnecka et al., 1984 Lin et al., 1984 Delhaize et al., 1989). However, some mRNAs are specifically induced by Cd (Delhaize et al., 1989). Thus, by examining metal-regulated gene expression, whether specific or non-specific, it may be possible to determine the relative roles of proteins and polypeptides specific to metal homeostasis and metal tolerance, as opposed to functions involved in general stress responses. 

It is the regulation of these genes that has been surprising. Each of the above sequences is abundant in the mRNA populations of roots in Cu-tolerant M. guttatus, addition of metal (Cu, Cd or Zn) to the growth medium reduces the steady-state level of transcript in the roots (de Miranda et al., 1990). This repression appears to be a shock effect since roots initiated and grown continuously in Cu have levels of transcript... 

Some artists, such as Henri Matisse, chose to use bold colors not natural to the subject, distortion, simplification, and visual texture to describe their ideas. Because of the shocking effect of the works of Matisse and the works of other expressive artists of the early twentieth century, the artists were given the name fauves, meaning wild beasts. Others, such as Pablo Picasso, chose to break down their subjects into simple geometric forms, calling their form of abstraction cubism. Still others, such as Salvador Dali and Rene Magritte, chose to draw upon dreams and fantasy to express their views in a style called surrealism. 

Blissett et al. (1998) reported that thermal shock effects on the residual flexural properties of the Nicalon /CAS were more evident at intermediate temperature differentials, i.e. AT= 450-600°C, and this was attributed to the observed matrix cracking. 

Bogard, D., Horz, F., Johnson, P. (1987) Shock effects and argon loss in samples of the Leedy L6 chondrite experimentally shocked to 29-70 Gpa pressures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 2035-44. 

---