ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES

The reaction takes place at low temperature (40-60 °C), without any solvent, in two (or more, up to four) well-mixed reactors in series. The pressure is sufficient to maintain the reactants in the liquid phase (no gas phase). Mixing and heat removal are ensured by an external circulation loop. The two components of the catalytic system are injected separately into this reaction loop with precise flow control. The residence time could be between 5 and 10 hours. At the output of the reaction section, the effluent containing the catalyst is chemically neutralized and the catalyst residue is separated from the products by aqueous washing. The catalyst components are not recycled. Unconverted olefin and inert hydrocarbons are separated from the octenes by distillation columns. The catalytic system is sensitive to impurities that can coordinate strongly to the nickel metal center or can react with the alkylaluminium derivative (polyunsaturated hydrocarbons and polar compounds such as water). 

Chloroaluminate laboratory preparations proved to be easily extrapolated to large scale. These chloroaluminate salts are corrosive liquids in the presence of protons. When exposed to moisture, they produce hydrochloric acid, similarly to aluminium chloride. However, this can be avoided by the addition of some proton scavenger such as alkylaluminium derivatives. In Difasol technology, for example, carbon-steel reactors can be used with no corrosion problem. 

This main class of alkylaluminium derivatives is divided for structural convenience into the 3 groups TRIALKYLALUMINIUMS ALKYLALUMINIUM ALKOXIDES and hydrides and ALKYLALUMINIUM halides. 

Alkylaluminium derivatives up to C4 react explosively with methanol or ethanol, and triethylaluminium also with 2-propanol. 

In view of the generally powerfully reducing properties of alkylaluminium derivatives, deliberate contact with known oxidants must be under careful control with appropriate precautions. 

Interaction of alkylaluminium derivatives up to C9 chain length with liquid water is explosive and violent shock effects have been noted [4],... 

See LITHIUM PERALKYLURANATES, TRIALKYLSILYLOXY ORGANOLEAD DERIVATIVES, ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES See ARYLMETALS... 

ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES Halocarbons boranes Carbon tetrachloride N-HALOIMIDES Xylene silanes Chloroform See other unit process incidents... 

ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES, ALKYLBORANES, ALKYLHALOBORANES ALKYLHALOPHOSPHINES, ALKYLHALOSILANES, ALKYLMETALS ALKYLNON-METAL HYDRIDES, ALKYLPHOSPHINES, ALKYLSILANES ARYLMETALS, BORANES, CARBONYLMETALS, COMPLEX ACETYLIDES COMPLEX HYDRIDES, HALOACETYLENE DERIVATIVES HEXAMETHYLNITRATODIALUMINATE SALTS, METAL HYDRIDES NON-METAL HYDRIDES, ORGANOMETALLICS, PYROPHORIC ALLOYS PYROPHORIC CATALYSTS, PYROPHORIC IRON-SULFUR COMPOUNDS PYROPHORIC METALS... 

ACID ANHYDRIDES, ACYL HALIDES, ALKALI METALS ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES, ALKYLNON-METAL HALIDES COMPLEX HYDRIDES, METAL HALIDES, METAL HYDRIDES METAL OXIDES, NON-METAL HALIDES (AND THEIR OXIDES)... 

With the exception of chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloroethane, halocarbon solvents are imsuitable diluents, as carbon tetrachloride and chloroform may react violently with alkylaluminium derivatives. The hazards of individually mixing 7 alkyla-Imninimns with 7 chlorinated solvents have been assessed comparatively. Most of a series of cyclic coordination complexes between triethylalmninimn and a-iminoketones decomposed violently when dissolved in halogenated solvents. 

Trifiuoromethanesulfenyl chloride, Chlorine fluorides, 0322 ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES Halocarbons BORANES Carbon tetrachloride... 

This compound, which exists as the dimer, explodes on contact with water. See ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES See related ALKYLSILANES... 

Diethylaluminium bromide, 1664 Diethylaluminium chloride, 1665 Diisobutylaluminium chloride, 3059 Dimethylaluminium bromide, 0878 Dimethylaluminium chloride, 0879 Ethylaluminium bromide iodide, 0837 Ethylaluminium dibromide, 0838 Ethylaluminium dichloride, 0839 Ethylaluminium diiodide, 0840 Hexaethyltrialuminium trithiocyanate, 3688 Methylaluminium diiodide, 0422 Triethyldialuminium trichloride, 2551 Trimethyldialuminium trichloride, 1288 See ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES (references 1,2)... 

Zirconium oxide sulfide, 4821 ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES ALKYLBORANES ALKYLHALOBORANES ALKYLHALOPHOSPHINES ALKYLHALOSILANES ALKYLMETALS ALKYLNON-METAL HYDRIDES ALKYLPHOSPHINES ALKYLSILANES... 

ALKYLALUMINIUM DERIVATIVES ALKYLNON-METAL HALIDES COMPLEX HYDRIDES METAL HALIDES METAL HYDRIDES METAL OXIDES... 

Alkylaluminium alkoxides and hydrides, 17 Alkylaluminium derivatives, 17 Alkylaluminium halides, 18 Alkylboranes, 19 Alkyl chlorites, 20 Alkylhaloboranes, 20 Alkylhalophosphines, 20 Alkylhalosilanes, 21 Alkyl hydroperoxides, 21 Alkyliminioformate chlorides, 22 Alkylmetal halides, 22 Alkylmetal hydrides, 22 Alkylmetals, 22... 

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