Fundamental approach

As a quite different and more fundamental approach, the isotherms of Fig. XI-10 allowed a calculation of X as a function of temperature. The plot of In K versus 1 /T gave an enthalpy quantity that should be just the difference between the heats of immersion of the Graphon in benzene and in n-heptane, or 2.6 x 10 cal/m [141]. The experimental heat of immersion difference is 2.4 x 10 cal/m, or probably indistinguishable. The... 

A fundamental approach by Steele [8] treats monolayer adsorption in terms of interatomic potential functions, and includes pair and higher order interactions. Young and Crowell [11] and Honig [20] give additional details on the general subject a recent treatment is by Rybolt [21]. 

There are two fundamental approaches to automatic reaction classification model-driven and data-driven methods. 

HyperChcin s ah mitio calculations solve the Roothaan equations (.h9 i on page 225 without any further approximation apart from th e 11 se of a specific fin iie basis set. Th ere fore, ah initio calcii lation s are generally more accurate than semi-enipirical calculations. They certainly involve a more fundamental approach to solving the Sch riidiiiger ec nation than do semi-cmpineal methods. 

Rate of Mass Transfer in Bubble Plates. The Murphree vapor efficiency, much like the height of a transfer unit in packed absorbers, characterizes the rate of mass transfer in the equipment. The value of the efficiency depends on a large number of parameters not normally known, and its prediction is therefore difficult and involved. Correlations have led to widely used empirical relationships, which can be used for rough estimates (109,110). The most fundamental approach for tray efficiency estimation, however, summarizing intensive research on this topic, may be found in reference 111. 

Converting Heat to Work. There has been a historic bias in the chemical industry to think of energy use in terms of fuel and steam (qv) systems. A more fundamental approach is to minimise the input of work potential embedded in the fuel and feedstock, as well as work purchased direcdy as electricity. Steam is really just a medium of exchange, like money in an economy. 

Drucker, D.C., A More Fundamental Approach to Stress-Strain Relations, in Proc. First National Congr. Appl. Mech., ASME, Chicago, June 1951, pp. 487-491. 

Thermal and catalytic incinerators, condensers, and adsorbers are the most common methods of abatement used, due to their ability to deal with a wide variety of emissions of organic compounds. The selection between destruction and recovery equipment is normally based on the feasibility of recovery, which relates directly to the cost and the concentration of organic compounds in the gas stream. The selection of a suitable technology depends on environmental and economical aspects, energy demand, and ease of installation as well as considerations of operating and maintenance. 7 he selection criteria may vary with companies or with individual process units however, the fundamental approach is the same. 

Several methods of quantiflcation are described in Chapter 4. Chapter 4 discusses in detail two fundamental approaches to quantiflcation of explosive power, together with advantages and disadvantages. In addition, there are two different blast models, each of which has certain benefits. This chapter offers guidance on their use. Application of each method is described in Section 7.2. and demonstrated in Section 7.3. Section 7.1. offers some guidance on choosing an approach and a blast model. 

It was soon learned that the nucleophilic parameter WMcBr is not a universal measure of reagent nucleophilicity, and Edwards took a more fundamental approach, writing a two-term LFER, Eq. (7-70),... 

The effective use of metals as materials of construction must be based on an understanding of their physical, mechanical and chemical properties. These last, as pointed out earlier, cannot be divorced from the environmental conditions prevailing. Any fundamental approach to the phenomena of corrosion must therefore involve consideration of the structural features of the metal, the nature of the environment and the reactions that occur at the metal/environment interface. The more important factors involved may be summarised as follows ... 

This article will be devoted to analysis of some specific features of the kinetics of coupled heterogeneous catalytic reactions and to experimental results and conclusions derived from them, which were obtained by the present author and his coworkers. The general discussion of the kinetics of complicated reaction systems will be restricted to a brief characterization of fundamental approaches the survey of experimental works of other... 

Lasaga, A. C. (1995). Fundamental approaches in describing mineral dissolution and precipitation rates. In Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicafe Minerals" (A. F. White and S. L. Brantley, eds), Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, Reviews in Mineralogy 31, 23-86. 

A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH OF THE CORD CALENDERING PROCESS 35.5.1 Introduction... 

The mobility ratio equal to the diffusion ratio in this equation would naturally follow from application of the Nemst-Einstein equation, Eq. (88), to transport gels. Since the Nemst-Einstein equation is valid for low-concentration solutes in unbounded solution, one would expect that this equation may hold for dilute gels however, it is necessary to establish the validity of this equation using a more fundamental approach [215,219]. (See a later discussion.) Morris used a linear expression to fit the experimental data for mobility [251]... 

Of interest is a nonmathematical approach to drug design proposed by Topliss and Topliss and Martin. This concept is based on the fundamental approach of the Hansch concept, namely, that a particular sub-... 

What is commonly understood by a fundamental approach is applying theoretically based mathematical models of necessary equipment items. Intrinsic (not falsified by processes other than a chemical transformation) kinetics of all processes are investigated, transport phenomena are studied, flow patterns are identified, and relevant microscopic phenomena are studied. It is intended to separately study as many intrinsic stages as possible and to combine results of these investigations into a mathematical model. Such a model contains only a limited amount of theory (grey models, gross models, or tendency models). Obviously, the extrapolation power of these models strongly depends on the content of theory. The model... 

The design methods de.scribed above rely on correlations of the overall reactor average quantities obtained from experimental tanks of different scales. The most important deficiency of these methods is that local effects are not taken into consideration, while these might be responsible for the overall reactor performance. Accordingly, if none of the above scale-up criteria is found satisfactory (see e.g. data of Middleton et ai, 1986) a more fundamental approach must be applied, although not necessarily as complex as the one presented in Section 5.4.S.2. Such an approach was presented by Paul et al. (1971) who found that the yield of the desired intermediate in a system of consecutive reactions (iodination of L-tjrosine) correlates reasonably with fluctuations of the velocity, So, these fluctuations could be chosen as a criterion for scale-up of the reactor. The average value for u in the upper part of the tank was evaluated from ... 

C. Macconnachie, R. J. Mikula, R. J. Scoular, and L. J. Kurucz. Optimizing demulsifier performance a fundamental approach. In Preprints, volume 1. 45th Aimu CIM Petrol Soc et al Tech Mtg (Calgary, Canada, 6/12-6/15), 1994. 

However, process-scale methods do not vary in intent or fundamental approach to those used in the laboratory, except that the economics of the operation of the plant are considered of primary lq >ortance in the design and selection of columns and equipment, etc. Process-scale liquid chromatography is of... 

XRF nowadays provides accurate concentration data at major and low trace levels for nearly all the elements in a wide variety of materials. Hardware and software advances enable on-line application of the fundamental approach in either classical or influence coefficient algorithms for the correction of absorption and enhancement effects. Vendors software packages, such as QuantAS (ARL), SSQ (Siemens), X40, IQ+ and SuperQ (Philips), are precalibrated analytical programs, allowing semiquantitative to quantitative analysis for elements in any type of (unknown) material measured on a specific X-ray spectrometer without standards or specific calibrations. The basis is the fundamental parameter method for calculation of correction coefficients for matrix elements (inter-element influences) from fundamental physical values such as absorption and secondary fluorescence. UniQuant (ODS) calibrates instrumental sensitivity factors (k values) for 79 elements with a set of standards of the pure element. In this approach to inter-element effects, it is not necessary to determine a calibration curve for each element in a matrix. Calibration of k values with pure standards may still lead to systematic errors for unknown polymer samples. UniQuant provides semiquantitative XRF analysis [242]. 

THE FORMATION OF N20 DURING NOz CONVERSION FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH AND PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS... 

A possible source for chemotherapeutic agents is the medicinal flora of the Asia-Pacific region. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a fundamental approach to understanding the potential of the medicinal flora of this region as a source of new anticancer drugs. 

The most fundamental approach to assessing lability of complexes is by determination of the rate of isotopic exchange reactions. In the technetium-complex systems, no study of the exchange reaction on the central metal ion has been reported, but several reports have been published on isotopic exchange by ligand substitution. 

The fundamental approach to a proton transfer process, which is crucial to mimic many chemical and biological reactions, has relied deeply on studies of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reactions in the condensed phase. 

Ghadiri et al. (1992b, 1994, 1995) developed a more fundamental approach. They consider the particles entrained into the jet and relate the production of attrited fines to the attrition rates obtained from single particle impact tests (cf. Sec. 4.3). According to their model, it should be possible to predict jet attrition rates in fluidized beds on the basis of single particle impact tests combined with a detailed description of the jet hydrodynamics. 

Just as a Coulter Counter or a flow cytometer can automate or at least increase efficiency in counting heterospecific pollen transfer, use of artificial germination media still is an effective method of screening for pollen allelopathy. The fundamental approach recommended has not changed much in the last decade, i.e. sequentially dilute extracts from non-macerated... 

The existence of three equivalent bonds to each of the phosphorus atoms, which must be broken in the formation of mono-phosphorus organophosphorus compounds, might appear to be a problem at first all must be broken as new bonds are being generated to phosphorus. However, the fundamental approaches toward the use of white phosphorus accomplish this necessary action with relatively few extraneous reaction processes. 

The well-known Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction is historically the fundamental approach to generating C-P bonds using a neutral trivalent... 

Although more fundamental approaches are used in the science of chemical reaction engineering to account for the diffusion/reaction coupling, we rather propose the explanation restricted to rate laws of first order with respect to hydrogen and based on intuition. 

Rate equations, such as equation 17.85, make no attempt to distinguish mechanisms of transfer within a pellet. All such mechanisms are taken into account within the rate constant k. A more fundamental approach is to select the important factors and combine them to form a rate equation, with no regard to the mathematical complexity of the equation. In most cases this approach will lead to the necessity for numerical solutions although for some limiting conditions, useful analytical solutions are possible, particularly that presented by Rosen(41). ... 

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