Cylindrical Charges

In contrast, the second term in (4.6) comprises the full orientation dependence of the nuclear charge distribution in 2nd power. Interestingly, the expression has the appearance of an irreducible (3 x 3) second-rank tensor. Such tensors are particularly convenient for rotational transformations (as will be used later when nuclear spin operators are considered). The term here is called the nuclear quadrupole moment Q. Because of its inherent symmetry and the specific cylindrical charge distribution of nuclei, the quadrupole moment can be represented by a single scalar, Q (vide infra). 

Cigar burning. In propellants, the burning of a cylindrical charge from one end only, the other surfaces being inhibited. 

In order to answer the question of efficiency more or less quantitatively, Deffet and Fosse (Ref 7) conducted, in Belgium, tests by initiating by various methods AN-Fuel Oil (as well as RDX, AN/TNT/Al, etc) explosive cylindrical charges enclosed in Perspex containers. The method was similar to that used by Hershkowitz Dalrymple (Ref 6) at Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, New Jersey. For axial initiation, the detonating fuse extended thru whole length of the charge, as shown in Fig 1... 

Blast, Spherical. When a spherical explosive charge is detonated in air, underground, or underwater it produces waves which are spherical in shape. Such waves can also emerge from the end of an unconfined cylindrical charge, as described by Cook(1958), pp 100-01 (See also Fig on p B183 of Vol 2)... 

Dr Price also examined relations between (A) and deton velocity (D). They are presented in Fig 3 for group 1 and in Fig 4 for group 2 Fig 3 shows a representative of group 1, an unconfined cylindrical charge of HBX-1 (RDX/TNT/A1/Wax - 40/38/17/5). Its voidless density is 1.76 g/cc. The curves are for charge diameters d, d, d d which are 6.4, 12.7, 25.4 50.8 mm, respectively. Solid lines are smoothed values from the experimental data which have been extrapolated to A=0.6. The limit line for failure was estimated, as shown on p 694 of Ref 17. A pattern of the same type was previously obtd by Stesik Akimova (Ref 3) for TNT... 

Fig 4 shows an unconfined cylindrical charge of Ammonium Perchlorate, which represents group 2. Its particle size is 10 microns and the charge diameters examined dj,... 

Annales de Physique 5 [133, 51 1144-76 (1960) (Determination of detonation characteristics of solid explosives) 6) C. Fauquignon et al, "Detonation of a Cylindrical Charge. 

Detonation, End Effect in. Accdg to Cook (1958), pp 97-9, the end effect is "the impulse loading of a target at the end of a cylindrical charge . It has been shown by many experiments involving end effect, that a steady-state detonation head is developed in all condensed expls, whether confined or not. 

M.C. Chick, "The Effect of Interstitial Gas on the Shock Sensitivity of Low Density Explosive Compacts , 4th ONRSympDeton (1965), pp 349-58 [A small scale gap test, briefly described on pp 350-51, has been used to investigate the role played by interstitial gases in the shock initiation of granular cylindrical charges of HMX (p = 1.14g/cc with 40% voids) and PET tf (p =... 

The effective "Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) point" on the cylindrical charge axis always coincides with the beginning of the sharp rarefaction region outlined by the heavy line in Fig 5.2 (Ref 8, p 94). If aQ is less than or equal to the distance from the wave front to this point on the charge axis, detonation will be ideal. But if it is greater than the distance h, detonation will be nonideal In this model nonideal detonation is restricted to effective reaction-zone length of a =3/8(Dt) for L [Pg.364]

Fig 5.2. The Phenomenalistic Steady-State Detonation Head in an Unconfined Cylindrical Charge... 

Detonation, Jetting in. Briefly defined, it is the propagation of plasma from the end of a cylindrical charge when the detonation wave emerges into the air... 

When a cylindrical charge of an explosive is detonated, its expansion proceeds not only forward and backward along the cylinder axis, but also laterally along the radius. The greater the diameter of cylinder,... 

F) C. Fauquignon et al, Detonation of a Cylindrical Charge - Study of the Flow of Burned Gases , pp 39-46 in the 4thONR-SympDeton (1965)... 

In an "ideal one-dimensional detonation, the expansion of the products behind the C-J plane forms a "rarefaction wave , of which the head pursues the detonation front but cannot overtake it because the wave is moving at sonic velocity in the products and they are receding from the front at just that velocity (Ref 2, pp 200-02). In an ordinary cylindrical charge (Ref 2, pp 204-06), the shape of the detonation head depends on two types of rarefactions one from the rear, corresponding to the stag-... 

---