Shock electrical, effects

Density grams per cubic centimeter Dimensions of PETN Diameter x length Centimeters (inches) Shock Electric Effect Measurements Detonation pressure (kbar)... 

Electrical Effects of Shock Waves. Conductivity of Csl, K1 and NaCl... 

Historically, thermal and mechanical mechanisms for the initiation of fast reactions have been closely linked because, while it is common experience that explosions can be thermally initiated, it is also common to assume that the energy of any mechanical stimulus applied to an azide is first converted to heat before an explosion results (Chapter 8). Alternative mechanisms whereby the mechanical energy is absorbed as strain energy or in the fracture of crystals have not been given extensive consideration, although such possibilities have been proposed by Taylor and Weale [45], Ubbelohde [46,47], and others from the 1930s onward. The question of whether localized plastic flow or adiabatic shear can lead to the initiation of explosives under the action of low-intensity shocks has recently been given renewed attention [48]. Such considerations draw further attention to the lack of data on the mechanical properties of azides and explosives upon which to base quantitative assessments. Mechanical stimuli can also produce electric effects, and some of the possible consequences are discussed in the next section. 

The behavioural effect of self-administered cocaine in squirrel monkeys was investigated by studying the responding that was maintained alternately by cocaine and by the administration of an electric shock. The effects of norcocaine and its derivatives on the schedule-controlled behaviour of pigeous and squirrel monkeys were investigated. Cocaine plasma concentration vs. subjective response-time data were obtained and analysed by pharmacokinetic methods. The results corresponded to expectations. Ipratropium bromide (36) [wrong structural formula (37) is shown in the text °] proved to be a new bronchodilator. 

The electric shock of the torpedo fish vdpKrj) is mentioned by Plato, Aristotle, and Theophrastos. John Walsh showed that the effect is electrical, although he was unable to obtain the smallest spark with the torpedinal fluid . Walsh s memoir is addressed to Benjamin Franklin He, who predicted and showed that electricity wings the formidable bolt of the atmosphere, will hear with attention that in the deep it speeds a humbler bolt, silent and invisible. Cavendish made an artificial torpedo from wood, metal, and leather, and imitated with it, suitably electrified, the properties of the fish. He related the electrical effect with the prismatical columns of which the electrical organ is composed , as disclosed by the dissection by John Hunter (1773), and supposed that the quantity of electric fluid, transferred from one side of the torpedo to the other, must be extremely great . 

Electron configuration and steric effects at C or N-atoms, which are bearers of the primarily reacting nitro groups in a molecule, should play a key role in the initiation by impact. The dominant factor in the initiation by shock, electric spark, and in low-temperature thermolysis should be the electron structure and close neighbourhood of nitrogen atoms of the primarily leaving nitro group [6,7]. 

As a vessel is loaded, it moves downward because of deflection of the load cells and support stmcture. Pipes rigidly attached to a vessel restrict its free movement and assume some portion of the load that cannot be measured by the load cells. This is very detrimental to scale accuracy. Deflection of the load cell is unavoidable deflection of the vessel support stmcture should be minimized. Anything which increases vessel deflection, eg, mbber pads used for shock protection, must be avoided. The total number of pipes should be minimized and be of the smallest diameter, thinnest wall possible. Pipe mns to weigh vessels must be horizontal and the first pipe support should be as far as possible from the vessel. Alternatively, a section of mbber hose or flexible bellows should be used to make the final connection to the vessel. The scale should be caUbrated using weights, not by means of an electrical simulation method, which cannot account for the effects of the piping or test the correct functioning of the scale. 

Graham, R.A., Overstress Effects in Shock-Induced Electrical Signals from Ferroelectric Cermaics Implications for Impact Fuzing, Sandia National Laboratories Internal Memorandum No. 1131/82/2, Albuquerque, NM, 6 pp., December 1982. 

The patient may suffer from shock, in proportion to the extent of the injury. Give small drinks and keep warm do not overheat. In all cases, speed of treatment is crucial to limit the effects of burns. Flowcharts which summarize the initial procedures for electrical, thermal and chemical burns respectively are shown in Figure 13.5. 

Uncoupled solutions for current and electric field give simple and explicit descriptions of the response of piezoelectric solids to shock compression, but the neglect of the influence of the electric field on mechanical behavior (i.e., the electromechanical coupling effects) is a troublesome inconsistency. A first step toward an improved solution is a weak-coupling approximation in which it is recognized that the effects of coupling may be relatively small in certain materials and it is assumed that electromechanical effects can be treated as a perturbation on the uncoupled solution. 

A unique electrical-to-mechanical coupling effect called piezoelectric rate coupling has been predicted to occur in the neighborhood of a shock in... 

Certainly the most prominent feature of the breakdown process is its dependence on the polarity of the electric field relative to the shock-velocity vector. This effect is manifest in current pulse anomalies from minus-x orientation samples or positively oriented samples subjected to short-pulse loading (see Fig. 4.8). The individual effects of stress and electric field may be delineated with short-pulse loadings in which fields can be varied by utilizing stress pulses of various durations [72G03]. 

Finally, the phenomenon of shock-induced polarization represents perhaps the most distinctive phenomenon exhibited by shock-compressed matter. The phenomenon has no counterpart under other environments. The delineation of the details of the phenomenon provides an unusual insight into shock-deformation processes in shock-loading fronts. Description of the phenomenon appears to require overt attention to a catastrophic description of shock-compressed matter. In the author s opinion, a study of shock-induced polarization represents perhaps the most intriguing phenomenon observed in the field. In polymers, the author has characterized the effect as an electrical-to-chemical investigation [82G02]. 

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