Shampoos and gels

Several roles can be identified for the components in a shampoo formulation (i) Behavior of mixed surfactant systems. As mentioned above, most shampoo formulations contain a mixed surfactant system, mostly anionic and amphoteric. For 

With most surfeictant systems, there is a net interaction between the two molecules and the cmc of the mixture is not given by simple additivity. The interaction between surfactant molecules is described by an interaction parameter p which is positive when there is net repulsion and negative when there is net attraction between the molecules. In these cases, the cmc of the mixture is given by the following expression  

The polymer-surfactant complex has high surfeice viscosity and elasticity (i.e. surfeice viscoelasticity), both will enhance the foam stability (see below). The amphoteric surfactants such as betaines and the phospholipid surfeictants when used in conjunction with alkyl sulfeites or alkyl ether sulfeites can also enhance the foam stability. All these molecules strengthen the film of surfactant at the air/water interface, thus modifying the lather from a loose lacy structure to a rich, dense, small bubble size, luxurious foam. Several foam boosters have been suggested and these include fatty acid alkanolamide, amine oxides. Fatty alcohol and fatty acids can also act as foam boosters when used at levels of 0.25-0.5 %. Several approaches have been considered to explain foam stability (a) Surface viscosity and elasticity theory The adsorbed surfeictant film is assumed to control the mechanical-dynamical properties of the surface layers by virtue of its surface viscosity and elasticity. This may be true for thick films ( 100 nm) whereby intermolecular forces are less dominant. Some correlations 

For a stable film to form Hgi -h This expledns the stability of foams whereby 

For a spherical micelle P (1/3), whereas for a cyUndrical (rod-shaped) micelle P (1/2). Addition electrolyte reduces a (by screening the charge) and the spherical micelles change to rod-shaped micelles. This leads to an increase in viscosity. A schematic representation of the rod-shaped (thread-Uke) micelles and their overlap is given in Fig. 1.45. The viscosity increases gradually by increasing electrolyte concentration, reaches a maximum at an optimum electrolyte concentration and then decreases on a further increase in electrolyte concentration (due to salting-out of the surfactant). 

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Uses Shampoo cone, for mild shampoos ind. baby shampoos, add balanced shampoos, general-purpose shampoos, and gels Properties Lt. yel. hazy liq. pH 7.3 (10%) 50% act. 

Ketoconazole. Initial observations indicating that oral administration of ketocona2ole (10) produced good results in seborrheic ec2ema and dandruff, led to the development of a 2% cream and a 2% shampoo (scalp gel) of this antimycotic (17,18). Naturally, these two topical forms of ketocona2ole [65277-42-1] are highly active against superficial mycoses. 

Coal tar preparations of 2% to 5% tar are available in lotions, creams, shampoos, ointments, gels, and solutions. It is usually applied directly to lesions in the evening and allowed to remain in skin contact through the night. It may also be used in bathwater. 

Alkyl polyglucoside carboxylate (INCI-name Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate (and) Lauryl Glucoside, Plantapon LGC SORB) is a new anionic surfactant with excellent performance for personal care cleansing applications. In shampoo and shower bath formulations the anionic surfactant shows a good foaming behavior. In body wash applications it improves sensorial effects. These properties make Plantapon LGC SORB suitable for several cosmetic applications, e.g., mild facial wash gel, mild baby shampoo, mild body wash for sensitive skin, wet wipes, and special sulfate-free shampoo applications. 

The perfumes consist of raw fragrances dissolved in aqueous ethanol. Functional products are in a different group, comprising detergents, shampoos, shower gels, and oven cleaners. Functional products have an elaborated chemically-reactive matrix that does not allow using traditional fragrances recourse is made to inexpensive, chemically inert, odoriferous materials. 

Coumarin has also found use in toothpastes, antiperspirant deodorants, bath products, body lotions, face creams, fragrance creams, hair sprays, shampoos, shower gels and toilet soaps (Cohen, 1979 Lake, 1999). It has been used in detergents as a brightener or bleaching agent (Perone, 1972). 

Shampoos are commonly formulated in liquid, paste, and gel form and usually consist of high-sudsing anionic surfactant(s) (such as LAS and those previously listed for bars), along with specific ingredients for improved hair health or control (such as antidandruff agents and substantive collagen proicins). 

Free formaldehyde is used in cosmetics, especially in hair shampoos, and in many disinfectants and antiseptics. The solid paraformaldehyde is used as a source of formaldehyde vapor for the disinfection of rooms. Noxythiolin, polynoxyUn, hexamidine, and taurolidine act by slow release of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde solution contains 34—38% of formaldehyde methanol as a stabilizing agent to delay polymerization of the formaldehyde. Formaldehyde gel contains 0.75% of formaldehyde and is used to treat warts. 

Protein hydrolysates are added to hair-care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, and are supposed to repair damaged hair. Hydrolysed proteins are also used in other body-care products, for example soaps, bath gels, and creams. 

Topical corticosteroids are available in ointments, creams, lotions, gels, sprays, shampoos, and mousses. An ointment is considered the most clinically effective dosage form in psoriasis treatment because it consists of an oily phase that is occlusive and conveys a hydrating effect. Due to the lipophilicity of ointments, penetration of corticosteroid into dermis is enhanced, resulting in increased vasoconstriction. 

The use of silicones in hair care products has increased considerably in the past two decades due to the pleasing aesthetic properties they impart to the hair. They are used in a wide variety of products, including conditioners, shampoos, hairsprays, mousses, and gels [52], The low surface free energy of these materials results in rapid formation upon deposition of a thin, uniform coating on the surface of hair [53],... 

We do not envisage a cost in excess of US 50 per kilo on a delivered basis to our main manufacturing unit in Holland for the fine fragrance perfume. Modified perfume in the same fragrance direction, but workable in appropriate bases, should cost no more than US 30 per kilo for soap, shampoo, shower gel and antiper-spirant formulations. 

You are familiar with all our production methods for fine fragrances, soaps, shower gels, shampoos and antiperspirants, having had the details of equipment from the Ninevah brief of 1994. Direct contact with our contract packers is recommended to review and update your knowledge of these methods, and how they impact on perfume dosage. 

Once the fragrance has been evaluated on skin and approved by the evaluation panel, the perfumer can start to make versions for the other products in the Business Scents range namely, soap, antiperspirant, shampoo, and shower and bath gel. 

The brief from Business Scents Ltd requests submissions for a feminine luxury line that includes a fine fragrance, antiperspirant, shampoo/ shower gel and soap. The perfumer has asked for guidelines for the appropriate odour area as soon as possible so that the creative work can begin. 

The complete composition evokes the mythical being (the prisoner of the bottle), the spirit of the user. The creation has taken into account both the framework of the customer s brief and the chemistry of the fine-fragrance and the toiletry range based on it. With adaption, it is robust enough for the chemical environment of soaps, antiperspirants, shampoos and shower gels. 

Zincidone . [UCIB] Zinc PCA cicatrizing and tissue hardening agent for dermatological sotq>, shampoo, shower gel, deodorants, nutritive creams. 

Silicone products have many commercial roles. At one end of the market, they are crucial ingredients in personal care products silicones are the components of shampoos and conditioners that improve the softness and silkiness of hair, and are also used in shaving foams, toothpastes, anti-perspirants, cosmetics, hair-styling gels and bath oils. At the other end of the spectrum, silicones find very dilferent applications in silicone greases, sealants, varnishes. 

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