Search services

CASREACT The CASREACT Eile (The Chemical Absiracts Reaction Search Service) is a chemical reaction database with reaction inlormatioii derived from journal documients from 1974 to the present and from patent documeiiis from 1982 to date. Thie document-based file conlains both 3 million single-step and 3.0 million multi-step reactions (Pcbiniaiy, 2003). 

CASREACT (Chemical Abstracts Reaction Search Service) is a reaction database started in 1985 with more than 6.7 million reactions (3 million single-step and 3.7 million multi-step reactions) (March, 2003) derived from 400 000 documents (journals, patents, etc.). The records contain the following information ... 

Choose relevant sites or databases directly (metadatabases), and always nsc more than one search service. 

Many databases can be classified in multiple ways because of multiple type data, eg, text and numeric data, text and image data, image and audio data, etc. Also included in the data presented in Table 1 are two additional classes of databases, electronic services and software. Both of these data types could also be classed by form of representation because of use of words and numbers. However, the way in which these databases are used is different and they have special characteristics. Thus they are presented as additional classes. Whereas electronic information services such as bulletin boards, electronic mail, and electronic conferencing contain data that are transitory and nonarchival, these must be included among databases because several of the principal vendors seU these services in the same way as database search services are sold. 

Producers. The producers of databases are sometimes called database publishers because they make pubHc their databases. Some producers pubhsh hardcopy counterparts to databases and so are pubHshers in the traditional sense others pubHsh data only in electronic form. Database producers are responsible both for the deterrnination of content and for database production. Most producers offer their databases for lease or Hcense to private organisations or database vendors. Vendors offer database search services to the marketplace on a fee basis. An increasing number of producer/vendors such as Mead Data Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, and DRI/McGraw-HiU. (formerly Data Resources), offer search services (batch or online) from their own databases as well as from the databases of other products. 

Vendors. Database vendors provide value added processing of databases and offer search services, online and/or batch, or distribute CD-ROM products to database users. Vendors also provide the technology for accessing databases. 

Producers who serve as vendors for their own databases are more numerous than vendors that offer services from databases produced by other organizations. More than 650 producer/vendors plus some 270 traditional commercial database vendors are Hsted in CRDB(l). Only those vendors that offer search services or distribute CD-ROMs for databases other than their own come under this vendor classification (1). Vendors that offer services solely from databases they themselves produce are Hsted as database producers. 

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Web Patent Databases. The Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) [72] offers free World Wide Web access, http // www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm, to a bibliographic patent database that uses the most current patent classification system, this may not match the classification data that appears on the printed patent, and to a full-text patent database that uses the classification data that appear on the printed patent, this may not match the current classification data. The databases start with January 1, 1976, patents. The full text of a patent includes all bibliographical data (e.g., inventor s name, the patent s title, the assignee s name, etc.) and the abstract, full description of the invention, and the claims. All the words in the text of the patent are searchable. If the patent number is known, the patent, regardless of year, can be ordered from the PTO. Automated searching of 1971 to date patents is available at some of the Patent and Trademark Depository Libraries. Prior to 1971 searching can be done at the PTO facilities or at the Patent and Trademark Depository Libraries. Commercial patent search services are also available. 

Algorithm development in the areas of computer editing, data base management, sorting, computer-based composition, and text searching have been critical to the overall development of computer-based primary and secondary publications systems and text search services. Results of these developments are illustrated in the computer-based information system used at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) [ 1]. Lynch [2J describes principles and techniques for the computer-based information services and... 

Research articles of interest to biochemists may appear in many types of research journals. Research libraries do not have the funds necessary to subscribe to every journal, nor do scientists have the time to survey every current journal copy for articles of interest. Two publications that help scientists to keep up with published articles are Chemical Titles (published every 2 weeks by the American Chemical Society) and the weekly Current Contents available in hard copy and computer disks (published by the Institute of Science Information). The Life Science edition of Current Contents is the most useful for biochemists. The computer revolution has reached into the chemical and biochemical literature, and most college and university libraries now subscribe to computer bibliographic search services. One such service is STN International, the scientific and technical information network. This on-line system allows direct access to some of the world s largest scientific databases. The STN databases of most value to life scientists include BIOSIS Pre-views/RN (produced by Bio Sciences Information Service covers original research reports, reviews, and U.S. patents in biology and biomedicine), CA (produced by Chemical Abstracts service covers research reports in all areas of chemistry), MEDLINE, and MEDLARS (produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and Index Medicus, respectively cover all areas of biomedicine). These networks provide on-line service and their databases can be accessed from personal computers in the office, laboratory, or library. Some... 

A subject-oriented, author-indexed collection of abstracts published bimonthly under the title Biological Abstracts. Computerized searches available from either the producer or the institutions that have purchased these tapes for use in their search services (Table 9)... 

If the editor decides to send the manuscript for peer review, customarily two to four individuals with appropriate expertise—training or research experience—are asked to review the manuscript. The editor may identify reviewers in a number of ways. Many editors ask authors to recommend reviewers some do not. Author-recommended reviewers may or may not be used. Most editors will not send manuscripts to specific reviewers if an author so requests. Other potential reviewers may be authors cited in the manuscript, acknowledged experts in the field, or other active researchers in the field. Editors often use scientific search services (such as SciFinder or SciFinder Scholar for chemists) to identify qualified potential reviewers. Reviewers may or may not be known personally to the editor. Most journals maintain records on thousands of reviewers, including their expertise, manuscripts they have reviewed, performance, and so on. 

CAS Registry Numbers are included in the printed Chemical Abstracts chemical substance and formula indexes and in the CAS databases. The full set of CAS Chemical Registry System database information—structures, names, formulas, and ring data—is available for search and display through STN International, SciFinder, and other CAS search services. CAS Registry information is also available in CAS databases offered by other online system vendors. 

If a scientific library does not provide an online patent and literature service, the patent office library may be approached directly. Patent attorneys may also offer a patent search service. Furthermore, contacts with companies which are interested in the field may be established in order to use their patent information network. 

Patents can be downloaded free from the website of the U.S. patent office, www.uspto. gov. The USPTO website also has limited search capability. Most large companies subscribe to more sophisticated patent search services such as Delphion (www. delphion.com), PatBase (www.patbase.com) or GetthePatent (www.getthepatent.com). 

The NLM Web site (www.nlm.nih.gov), which is a portal to information on its healthcare databases, news, research programs, and library programs PubMed, a free NLM database search service MEDLINEp/wi, a Web site for consumer health information the National Network of Libraries of Medicine Development and implementation of an integrated library catalog (LOCATORp/ns) that can be searched through the Internet Creation of... 

Both search services provide functions for helping create and refine searches, including access to hundreds of thousands of biomedical terms from the NLM Unified Medical Language System. 

When a client searches for a service, it now formulates the Service Request Property Vector and sends it, together with the searched service type, to the trader. The trader matches it against all Service Offer Property Vectors of services with the same service type, and selects the best match. In this context, matching means that a quality score is computed for each service offer, and the service with the lowest value is chosen as the best service. 

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