Computer-based information systems

Algorithm development in the areas of computer editing, data base management, sorting, computer-based composition, and text searching have been critical to the overall development of computer-based primary and secondary publications systems and text search services. Results of these developments are illustrated in the computer-based information system used at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) [ 1]. Lynch [2J describes principles and techniques for the computer-based information services and... 

The activities of the Working Parties cover corrosion topics associated with inhibition, education, reinforcement in concrete, microbial effects, hot gases and combustion productions, environment sensitive fracture, marine environments, refineries, surface science, physico-chemical methods of measurement, the nuclear industry, the automotive industry, computer based information systems, coatings, tribo-corrosion and the oil and gas industry. Working Parties and Task Forces on other topics are established as required. 

Computer tapes can be purchased providing information on the physical properties of large numbers of compounds, and immediate access to computer-based information systems via the telephone can be obtained from computer service bureaus. Table 4.7 lists a number of such programs and data bases. 

Computer-Based Information Systems/Artificial Intelligence I 11... 

Computer-Based Information Systems/Artificlal Intelligence... 

Function points A method of assessing the theoretical size of a computer-based information system by counting a number of different types of externally apparent features, applying weights to the counts, and aggregating them. 

An alternative size measure, function points, was first suggested by Alan Albrecht. This measurement is based on counts of the features of a computer-based information system that are externally apparent. These include counts... 

Network-Centric Warfare Activities aimed at gaining an advantage over an enemy through computer-based information systems. 

The familiar two-dimensional chemical structure diagram could be considered to be the natural language of the chemist, and in everyday communication chemists almost invariably resort to it as their preferred form of structure representation, whether printed in a learned journal or scribbled on the back of an envelope. Whilst these diagrams have found their way into computer-based information systems, their appearance is generally restricted to the user interface, and other types of representation are used internally. 

These are a derivative of active/passive failure conditions, but with a novel twist brought in during the introduction of digital technology. Many computer-based information systems act in an advisory maimer, where an obvious failure can be tolerated but a plausible but wrong output is hazardous. 

Bernard Houghton, Computer Based Information Retrieval Systems, Archon, Hamden, CT, 1969. 

JACSAT is the CODEN, a six-character, unique title abbreviation used to represent titles in manual or machine-based information systems. The CODEN source is the International CODEN Directory, administered by Chemical Abstracts Service. The sixth character of each CODEN is a computer-calculated check character that ensures the reliability of the CODEN in computer-based systems. 

Outputs The primary output of IQAP are the correlation of detailed QA/QC requirements (criteria). By specifying the QA/QC criteria, IQAP will enable the OSC to tailor analytical methods and margins of error for his site-specified needs. Transmission of these data, along with the samples information, and the validation of the data, are also activities that can be aided by computer based automated systems. 

The commercial development of computer-based control systems for tractors and other agricultural implements has provided a platform that enables coded mapped information to be effectively transferred from a desktop computer to the tractor cab. Initially developed in conjunction with GPS field location for yieldmapping applications, this type of system is now being incorporated into tractors and specialised application vehicles (see Figure 4.6). These can be used to give access to the treatment map in the field, and hence control signals for the application system. Data transfer is commonly by smart cards with current systems, but it is likely that future developments will use radio/telephone connections to automate the data transfer process (Miller, 1999). 

Figure 4.6 Typical computer-based control system for use with agricultural equipment capable of supporting digital treatment map information and with a GPS interface...

To collaborate and share information, a proposal for a users group in metabonomics was put forth [110]. Since then, the Consortium for Metabonomic Toxicology (COMET) was formed and the first report from this group was given in 2003 [111]. The final report was just published [112]. This report describes what methodologies have been assessed, the development of a curated database for metabonomic profiles, and computer-based experts systems for data analysis. 

Harley, A. J. The medical literature analysis and retrieval system — Medlars. In Computer-based information retrieval systems (ed. B. Houghton). London Clive Bingley 1968. 

An ideal way iil which to incorporate all the information embodied in the discrimination diagrams described in this chapter is to tise a computer-based expert system., An,expert system T> Wch is able, on the basis of a... 

VE systems can be defined as computer-based information technologies for interactive, real-time orientated simulation and multisensory representation of objects, processes, and their results. With... 

World Wido Wob (WWW Web) A computer-based information service developed at CERN in the early 1990s. It is a hypermedia system (see hypertext) distributed over a large number of computer sites that aUows users to view and retrieve information from documents contlnlng links . It is accessed by a computer connected to the Internet that is running a suitable program. 

With a computer-based control system one can move beyond the classical single-loop described above, and the action of a control valve can be governed by information fed from a number of points in the process. Since an understanding of both the complexities of chemical processes and advanced control theory is required, this area is at the interface between process and control engineering. 

Video dispiays may be used to dispiay SiS status. A BPCS, or other computer-based controi system, through its normai operator dispiays, may inciude information reiated to the status of the SiS. For exampie, deviation aiarms may be dispiayed on the operator interface. However, as discussed in iSA-TR84.00.04-1, Annex B, it is recommended that safety-criticai aiarms, requiring that the operator take action to prevent a process hazard, be dispiayed on a separate interface from the BPCS HMi. 

There is a great need to develop electronic Braille screens to allow easier access for visually impaired people to computer based information that now dominates modem lifestyles. These screens require multiple actuators that can be individually addressed and positioned beneath each Braille pin. Due to the close spacing and small size of the pins, conventional motor systems are unsuitable. Actuator materials are ideal for this application and the development of the electronic Braille screen represents a tremendous opportunity to develop a worthwhile, commercial product using polymer actuators. The specifications required of an actuator material to operate Braille pins are well defined, with a displacement of >0.5 mm in <0.5 s the key requirement. Since there must be tactile resistance to enable the pin to be read , the actuators will almost inevitably operate... 

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