Patent information

Patents tend to be the literature of technology with full disclosure of its invention details. This legal document confers to its owner the right to exclude others from using it. 

Any serious research effort directed towards achieving a commercial reward and patent protection needs assistance from adequate information services. Besides the scientific literature, related patents and patent applications must be available and can be traced through patent data bases and patent libraries. Computerized patent data bases (Table 10) usually contain all front page information of a patent or patent application, such as patent number, applicant, inventor, filing and priority date, title of the invention and the abstract, in some cases also the patent claims. Full copies of selected patents can be ordered from national patent libraries or from the patent office. 

If a scientific library does not provide an online patent and literature service, the patent office library may be approached directly. Patent attorneys may also offer a patent search service. Furthermore, contacts with companies which are interested in the field may be established in order to use their patent information network. 

Compared with the cost of fruitless re-inventions, the expenses of patent searches are minute and comparable to scientific literature searches. The information obtained may be extremely valuable considering the fact that patent descriptions usually are very detailed and may also refer to alternative methods and possible variations of important parameters. 

WPI/WPIL Orbit, Dialog Telesystems Questel international 1963 

MIT s (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Libraries Document Services department at http //dspace.mit.edu/ handle/1721.1/7582, one of the foremost institutions in this effort, offer the full text of selected master s and doctoral theses from all MIT departments. These include theses that have been previously requested and scanned by Document Services as well as theses from the university s pilot project in electronically submitted theses. Users can search the database by keyword, perform an advanced search with separate fields, or browse by author or year. AU theses can be viewed as low-resolution (100 dpi) greyscale inline. gif images. The theses of some of their Nobel Prize winning alumni are available at http //libraries.mit.edu/docs/nobeltheses.html. 

The major world patent databases are online and searchable, there is a plethora of tools available for the desk scientific researcher. 

Esp cenet at the European Patent Office (EPO) Databases (http //www.european-patent-office.org/index.htm) allows free online patent searching in over 30 million documents (in EPO member states and worldwide) by entering keywords, patent numbers, institute names, etc. 

Some national offices such as the UK Patent Office (hap // www.patent.gov.uk/) have plans to extend the electronic archive with scanned images of British patents these will need to be processed for optical character recognition, in order to make the text within searchable without such processing, the images are not identified by searching methods. 

CHAPTER 13 Web Alert Using the Internet for Medicinal Chemistry 

---

JAPIO Japanese Patent Office, Japan Japanese patent information biblio. 7.7 mio records, 5.1 mio images patent abstracts, INPA- DOC STN commercial CD-ROM, online monthly www.cas.org/ ONLINE/ DBSS/ja- pioss.html... 

JAPIO Japan Patent Information Organization Dialog, Orbit, Questel patents abstracts of Japan... 

JAPIO. This database is produced by the Japan Patent Information Organization and is based on the Patent Abstracts of Japan provided by the Japanese Patent Office. The database is updated monthly and contains all Kokai Tokyo Kobo (pubUshed unexamined patent appHcations) pubUshed as of October 1976. Records appear ia JAPIO approximately six months after pubhcation of the unexamined patent appHcation. English language abstracts are provided for the majority of appHcations filed by Japanese appHcants. AppHcations by non-Japanese appHcations do not have abstracts, but bibliographic information is iacluded. Searchable fields iaclude the International Patent Office Classification and JAPIO classification (96). 

Secondary sources of patent information, Advances in patent documentation. Types of patent information searches. On-line database searching methods. Cross-file and multifile techniques. 

PATOLIS PATOLIS Japan Patent Information Organization Japan fuU bibhographic data abstract and first claim text in Japanese status data drawings... 

JAPIO DIALOG, ORBIT, Questel, STN Japan Patent Information Organization Japan bibhographic data and English language abstract... 

Novelty searches are not necessarily limited to patent information. The anticipation of a purportedly novel idea can occur in journals, books, magazines, etc. Thus, the potential scope for a novelty search is essentially infinite, and one of the challenges to the searcher is to devise an effective strategy whose cost is commensurate with the potential value of the invention. 

Patent classification codes are another subject-search parameter available in most patent databases. IPC codes are usually present and U.S. codes exist in a number of files in the case of Japan Patent Information Organization (JAPIO), Japanese codes too are available. It is possible to mimic a hand search by limiting operations to references falling within one class or group of classes. Although such strategies can in some instances be justified, it is usually wiser to treat class codes as just one of the various subject parameters that make up a search strategy. 

Full-Text Patent Databases. The LEXPAT database on the LEXIS— NEXIS system, the first commercially available full-text patent file, receives its greatest use from patent attorneys and has been relatively unused by other patent information speciaUsts. This may be attributed to search software that is quite different from the type familiar to information speciaUsts, no matter what their preferred host system. This situation has changed with dialog s release of the PATEULL files followed by STN s USPATEULL, both searchable by familiar Boolean techniques and featuring greater... 

Other Databases with Patent Information. The APIPAT database has been discussed, as have the unique capabihties of the merged WPI—APIPAT file on ORBIT. Many other databases contain substantial amounts of patent information, notable among them are Derwent s biotechnology Abstracts the TULSA database (petroleum exploration and production), several specialized pharmaceutical files, PAPERCHEM, and METADEX. A very complete listing of databases containing patent information circa 1990 has been prepared (38). 

S. Van Dulken, ed.. Introduction to Patents Information, 2nd ed., British Library, London, 1992. 

The Minitran system, by 3M Health Care, is a monolithic transdermal system that deUvers nitroglycerin at a continuous rate of 0.03 mg/(cm h) (81). The dmg flux through the skin is higher than the previous two systems thus the Minitran system is a smaller size for equivalent dosing. For example, the 0.1 mg/h dose is achieved with a 3.3 cm system rather than the 5 cm systems of Transderm-Nitro or Nitro-dur. Because the skin is rate-controlling in a monolithic system and the Minitran flux is higher than the similar monolithic Nitro-dur system flux, it appears that 3M Health Care has included an additive to increase the skin flux to 0.03 mg/(cm h). Whereas this information is not apparent in Reference 81, patent information supports the hypothesis (96). 

A useful classification of sensitizing dyes is the one adopted to describe patents in image technology. In Table 1, the Image Technology Patent Information System (ITPAIS), dye classes and representative patent citations from the ITPAIS file are Hsted as a function of significant dye class. From these citations it is clear that preferred sensitizers for silver haUdes are polymethine dyes (cyanine, merocyanine, etc), whereas other semiconductors have more evenly distributed citations. Zinc oxide, for example, is frequendy sensitized by xanthene dyes (qv) or triarylmethane dyes (see Triphenylmethane and related dyes) as well as cyanines and merocyanines (see Cyanine dyes). 

ITPAIS, the Image Technology Patent Information System was developed between 1975—1985 by Eastman Kodak Co., Agfa-Gevaert (Antwerp/Leverkusen), and Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., and encompasses selected patents and Hterature references related principally to the chemical aspects of image technology. Search terms used for this table were the same as in the previous edition, and the Derwent patent database was used for the search data presented here. 

Patent information on any patent that claims the drug, if applicable Patent certifications (not for BLA)... 

---