Scopolamine-induced

Surprisingly, C. chinensis attenuated the scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats when given orally for 1 week (122). 

Hsieh MT, Peng WH, Wu CR, Wang WH. The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Phytother Res 2000 14 375-377. 

Ebert U, Oertel R, Wesnes K and Kirch W (1998). Effects of physostigmine on scopolamine-induced changes in quantitative electroencephalogram and cognitive performance. Human Psychopharmacology - Clinical and Experimental, 13, 199-210. 

Stone WS, Croul CE, Gold PE. (1998). Attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 96(3) 417-20. 

Bratt AM, Kelly ME, Domeney AM, Naylor RJ, Costall B. (1996). Acute and chronic arecoline effects on a scopolamine-induced deficit in complex maze learning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 53(3) 713-21. 

Chopin P, Briley M. (1992). Effects of four non-cholinergic cognitive enhancers in comparison with tacrine and galanthamine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Psychopharmacoiogy (Beriin). 106(1) 26-30. 

Delagarza VW. (1998). New drugs for Alzheimer s disease. Am Fam Physician. 58(5) 1175-82. DeNoble VJ, Repetti SJ, Geipke LW, Wood LM, Keim KL. (1986). Vinpocetine nootropic effects on scopolamine-induced and hypoxia-induced retrieval deficits of a step-through passive avoidance response in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 24(4) 1123-28. 

Hironaka N, Ando K. (1996). Effects of cholinergic drugs on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rhesus monkeys. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 16(3) 103-8. 

Barker A, Jones R, Prior J, Wesnes K. (1998). Scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment as a predictor of cognitive decline in healthy elderly volunteers a 6-year follow-up. IntJ Geriatr Psychiatry. 13(4) 244-47. 

Prioux-Guyonneau M, Mocaer-Cretet E, Cohen Y, Jacquot C. (1984). Evidence for an activating effect of tabernanthine on rat brain catecholamine synthesis and elimination. Experientia. 40(12) 1388-89. Prohovnik I, Arnold SE, Smith G, Lucas LR. (1997). Physostigmine reversal of scopolamine-induced hypofrontality. Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 17(2) 220-28. 

Riedel W, Hogervorst E, Leboux R, Verhey F, van Praag H, Jolles J. (1995). Caffeine attenuates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in humans. Psychopharmacoiogy (Berlin). 122(2) 158-68. Robertson HA. (1980). Harmaline-induced tremor the benzodiazepine receptor as a site of action. 

Rosier A, Cornette L, Orban GA. (1998). Scopolamine-induced impairment of delayed recognition of abstract visual shapes. Neuropsychobiology. 37(2) 98-103. 

Ziskind AA. (1988). Transdermal scopolamine-induced psychosis. Postgrad Med. 84(3) 73-76. Zoltoski RK, Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Shiromani PJ, Gillin JC. (1993). The relative effects of selective Ml muscarinic antagonists on rapid eye movement sleep. Brain Res. 608(2) 186-90. 

As an inhibitor of plasma (pseudo) cholinesterase, DFP produced only minimal reversal of scopolamine-induced incapacitation. Note the very low plasma ChE levels, with only minor decreases in RBC ChE (Fig. 71). DFP does improve near vision when applied to the eye (David Flarper, unpublished data) suggesting that paralysis of the muscles of visual accommodation is probably peripheral in origin. Persistence of pupillary enlargement (in the face of systemic treatment with physostigmine) may be due to physiological or pK factors, causing limited access to the iris. 

Most other alkaloids shown to have AChE inhibitory activity have been isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. Coptis chinensis Franch has been used in TCM for several conditions including age-related cognitive and memory decHne. Some alkaloids found in this species e.g. berberine (43), coptisine (44) and palmatine (45) are reported to also be antiChE. Coptis chinensis extract improved a scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficit in rats and this is likely to be due to the alkaloids present thus raising ACh levels. Berberine (43) has been shown to selectively inhibit AChE compared with Bu ChE and it has been shown to improve scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. ... 

Rutaecarpine (46) is the major alkaloid found in Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., and activities relevant to AD have been identified with the extract and with rutaecarpine. Dehydroevodiamine (47), another alkaloid from the same species, inhibited AChE in vitro, and reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats and increased cerebral blood flow in vivo in cats, a property which would supplement its usefulness in AD. The structures of (46) and (47) and tacrine (28) have been used as templates for the development of a series of synthetic compounds which have been evaluated for their antiChE activity. These were found to be inhibitory against both AChE and BuChE with A -(2-phenylethyl)-A -[(12Z)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroazepino [2,l- ]quinazolin-12(6//)-ylidene] amine (48) showing higher affinity for BuChE. 

The biological activity of flavonoids has attracted much interest in the part twenty years and a few compounds of this class have been shown to have AChEI effects. The flavanone naringenin (74) from Citrus junos (Rutaceae) ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, which may be related to an antiAChE effect, since naringenin was shown to inhibit AChE in vitro dose dependently. A recent theoretical study has shown that flavonoids and xanthones exhibit polyvalent effects such as antioxidant, amyloid reduction and cholinesterase inhibition, which made them interesting candidates for further studies. 

Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Wu CR, Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in tzx, ]ap JPhannaconA 2G -2(sG, 1997. 

ZiskindAA Transdermal scopolamine-induced pyschosis. Postgrad Med 1988 84 73-76. 

In a passive avoidance procedure in the rat, low doses of ondansetron reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficit, whereas tropisetron was ineffective. However, in the Morris water-maze test, tropisetron but not ondansetron counteracted the learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine [Pitsikas and Borsini 1997]. 

To reveal the cognition-enhancing potential of the S-HTj antagonists, studies in age-related memory impairment have been carried out with psy-chiatrically healthy subjects impaired with scopolamine and patients with dementia. In a randomized double-blind, double-dummy, four-way crossover study in a small number of subjects, each psychiatrically healthy male subject received placebo, scopolamine [0.4 mg im], scopolamine plus alosetron [10 J,g iv], or alosetron [250 Jg] [Preston 1994 Preston et al. 1991). Assessments of verbal and spatial memory, sedation, and sustained attention were performed before and after treatment. The main results from the study were that scopolamine induced robust deficits on all primary variables measured, the reduction in verbal and spatial memories being attenuated by 10- Jg and 250- Jg doses of alosetron, respectively. No effects on the sedation or on changes in attention were noted. 

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