Tremor-inducing

The hyperexcitability and tremor induced by chlordecone are similar to that produced by dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT). However, it has been suggested that the mechanism of these tremors is different diphenylhydantoin exacerbates chlordecone-induced tremor but suppresses tremor induced by DDT (Hong et al. 1986 Tilson et al. 1985, 1986b). The tremors induced by chlordecone appear to be initiated in the central nervous system above the level of the spinal cord, since transection of the spinal cord resulted in elimination of the tremors below the level of transection (Hwang and Van Woert 1979). 

Worsening parkinsonism was observed in two patients after treatment with olanzapine 5 mg/day (114). In contrast, coarse tremors induced by fluphenazine or haloper-idol disappeared in three patients within days of the start of treatment with olanzapine (10 mg/day), without discontinuation or reduction in the dosage of fluphenazine or haloperidol (115). Olanzapine is active at muscarinic cholinergic receptors, which may account for the observed suppression of neuroleptic drug-induced tremor however, two of the three patients had been taking ben-zatropine, an antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, with little tremor relief, suggesting that olanzapine could suppress tremor by means of an action other than muscarinic blockade. 

Borucki MJ, Matzke DS, Pollard RB. Tremor induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1988 109(l) 77-8. 

Fawer RF, DeRibaupierre Y, Guillemin M, et al. 1983. Measurement of hand tremor induced by industrial exposure to metallic mercury. Br J Ind Med 40 204-208. 

Tremor-inducing mycotoxins were isolated from the mold Aspergillus clavatus, which infests rice. The mycotoxins were tetrapeptides of anthranilic acid (source of the quinazolin-4-ones), trypotophan, valine, and methyl-alanine or alanine. They were named tryptoquivaline (116 = OH,... 

Tremor-inducing mycotoxins were isolated from the mold Aspergillus clavatus, which infests rice. The mycotoxins were tetrapeptides of anthranilic acid (source of the quinazolin-4-ones), trypotophan, valine, and methyl-alanine or alanine. They were named tryptoquivaline (116 R1 = OH, R2 = R3 = Me X = H, OAc) and nortryptoquivalone (116 R =OH R2 = Me R3 = H X = O). The structures of the metabolites were deduced from spectral data, from the X-ray crystallographic analysis of the p-bromo-phenylurethan derivative of a transformation product of tryptoquivaline, and from chemical studies.259... 

A symptom of copper deficiency in man and animals is seizures, which subside with copper supplementation [135, 305-310]. Seizures following treatment with tremor-inducing drugs are accompanied by a concomitant reduction in brain copper levels [311-314]. Also, brain norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations are reduced in association with seizures [1, 311, 315-320]. This latter observation is particularly relevant, since two copper-dependent enzymes are required for the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine. 

Visual hallucinations and tremor induced by sertraline and oxycodone in a bone marrow transplant patient have been reported. 

Rosebraugh CJ, FlockhartDA, Yasuda SU, Woosley RL. Visual hallucination and tremor induced by sertraline and oxycodone in a bone marrow transplant patient. J Clin Pharmacol (2001)41,224-7. 

In mammals, two distinct toxic syndromes have been described the T syndrome (characterized by tremor) induced by type I pyrethroids and the CS syndrome (characterized by choreoathetosis and salivation) induced by type II compounds [7]. Type I pyrethroids cause hyperexcitation, ataxia, convulsion, paralysis [7-9], and repetitive nerve firing [10]. In contrast, type II pyrethroid poisoning is characterized by hypersensitivity, profuse salivation, choreoathetosis, tremor, and paralysis [8, 9] but no repetitive nerve firing in sensory nerves [11]. Some pyrethroids produced tremors and salivation, classified as the intermediate TS-syndrome. In humans, the most prominent effect of the pyrethroids is paresthesia mainly in the face, and there is little evidence of any permanent effects. 

Wood, R.W., Weiss, A.B. and Weiss, B. (1973) Hand tremor induced by industrial exposure to inorganic mercury. Arch. Environ. Health 26 249-252. 

Barbiturates create a sense of relaxation, reduce tensions, and induce euphoria as measured by standardized scales. Concentration is greatly reduced, as is judgment, and irritability often results. Chronic use slurs speech and leads to incoherence, staggered gait, and tremors. 

The central nervous system is a major target of endosulfan-induced toxicity in both humans and animals (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Boyd and Dobos 1969 Boyd et al. 1970 Garg et al. 1980 Kiran and Varma 1988 Terziev et al. 1974). Therefore, individuals with seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, may be particularly susceptible because exposure to endosulfan may reduce the threshold for tremors, seizures, and other forms of neurotoxicity, as demonstrated in studies in rats (Gilbert and Mack 1995 Gilbert 1992). 

Antimuscarinic drugs such as atropine have been used to modest effect in the treatment of PD for more than a century attenuating tremor and rigidity but with little effect on akinesia. Currently benzhexol and benztropine are sometimes added to levodopa therapy but peripheral effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation are unpleasant. They are also often used to counteract neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal effects. 

The pro- and anticonvulsant effects of the phencyclinoids were studied by assessing their ability to increase or decrease the intensity of electrically-induced convulsions. A 32 mA, 0.2-second stimulus was delivered via corneal electrodes with a constant-current electroshock apparatus. The shock parameters were chosen to produce a convulsion intensity of "3" on a five-point rating scale as follows 0 = stunned only, 1 = facial and vibrissae tremor, 2 = clonic forepaw treading, 3 = tonic forelimb extension, 4 = tonic forelimb and hindlimb extension, and 5 = death. Thus, both increases and decreases in the convulsion intensity subsequent to drug administration could be observed. 

Myoclonus (inducible or spontaneous), muscular hypertonicity, shivering, tremor, akathesia, tachycardia, mydriasis, and ocular clonus... 

The barbiturates are effective against convulsions induced experimentally from all central locations, the cerebrum, medulla, or spinal cord. They may be used clinically as well as experimentally to suppress most, if not all, varieties of convulsions of central origin (3). Since they are effective in the prevention of the tremors, tonic and clonic convulsions, and in the restoration of normal respiration from the Cheyne-Stokes type, produced by chlordan, it appears that these symptoms may have their origin in the central nervous system. 

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