Amnesia, scopolamine-induced

Surprisingly, C. chinensis attenuated the scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats when given orally for 1 week (122). 

Hsieh MT, Peng WH, Wu CR, Wang WH. The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Phytother Res 2000 14 375-377. 

Stone WS, Croul CE, Gold PE. (1998). Attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 96(3) 417-20. 

Chopin P, Briley M. (1992). Effects of four non-cholinergic cognitive enhancers in comparison with tacrine and galanthamine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Psychopharmacoiogy (Beriin). 106(1) 26-30. 

Most other alkaloids shown to have AChE inhibitory activity have been isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. Coptis chinensis Franch has been used in TCM for several conditions including age-related cognitive and memory decHne. Some alkaloids found in this species e.g. berberine (43), coptisine (44) and palmatine (45) are reported to also be antiChE. Coptis chinensis extract improved a scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficit in rats and this is likely to be due to the alkaloids present thus raising ACh levels. Berberine (43) has been shown to selectively inhibit AChE compared with Bu ChE and it has been shown to improve scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. ... 

The biological activity of flavonoids has attracted much interest in the part twenty years and a few compounds of this class have been shown to have AChEI effects. The flavanone naringenin (74) from Citrus junos (Rutaceae) ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, which may be related to an antiAChE effect, since naringenin was shown to inhibit AChE in vitro dose dependently. A recent theoretical study has shown that flavonoids and xanthones exhibit polyvalent effects such as antioxidant, amyloid reduction and cholinesterase inhibition, which made them interesting candidates for further studies. 

Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Wu CR, Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in tzx, ]ap JPhannaconA 2G -2(sG, 1997. 

Caine ED, Polinsky RJ Haloperidol induced dysphoria in patients with Tourette syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 236 1216-1217, 1979 Caine ED, Weingartner H, Ludlow EA, et al Qualitative analysis of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Psychopharmacology 74 74-80, 1981 Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 rapid-cycling manic depressives. Am J Psychiatry 147 431-434, 1990 Calabrese JR, Markowitz PJ, Kimmel SE, et al Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling bipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 12 (suppl 53-56, 1992... 

Chuang DM, Gao X-M, Paul SM N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure blocks glutamate toxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Mol Pharmacol 42 210-216, 1992 Chugh Y, Saha N, Sankaranarayanan A, et al Enhancement of memory retrieval and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia following administration of S-HTj antagonist ICS 205-930. Pharmacol Toxicol 69 105-106, 1991 Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. Clin Psychopharmacol 1 146, 1981 Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH Clinical pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in alcoholics and normal volunteers. Pharmacol Ther 43 539-548, 1988... 

Sigala S, Imperato A, Rizzonelli P, Casolini P, Missale C, Spano P. L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine antagonizes scopolamine-induced amnesia and enhances hippocampal cholinergic transmission in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1992 211(3) 351-8. 

Cnestisferruginea (Amentoflavone). Cnestis ferruginea Vah 1 ex DC (Connaraceae) (CF) is used in traditional African medicine in the management of CNS disorders. Ishola et al. [234] studied the effects of C. ferruginea and its active constituent amentoflavone (CF-2) on memory, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in scopolamine-induced amnesia. Oral administration of CF and CF-2 significantly prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment, inhibited AChE, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain. 

The activity concentration of the serum enzyme conelates with different stages of depression [M.Maes etal. Biol Psychiatary 35 (1994) 545-552] and inhibition of the enzyme prevents scopolamine-induced amnesia [T. Yoshimoto et al. Pharmacobio-Dyn. 10 (1987) 730-735],... 

K. Nagpal, S.K. Singh, and D.N. Mishra, Nanoparticle mediated brain targeted delivery of gallic acid In vivo behavioral and biochemical studies for protection against scopolamine induced amnesia. Drug Del, 20 (3-4), 112-119, 2013. 

Kang SY, Lee KY, Park MJ, Kim YC, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH, Kim YC. (2003) Decursin from angelica gigas mitigates amnesia induced by scopolamine in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 79 11-18. 

Administration of scopolamine to rats induces amnesia in passive avoidance learning. EGb administered intraperitoneally 30 mm before the initial trial at doses of 150-500 mg/kg significantly attenuated the amnesic effects of scopolamine on step-through latencies in a retention trial 4 hours after training for the passive avoidance test in rats [107]. Hoyer et d. showed that, using an animal model of in tracer ebroventricular streptozotocin treatment, EGb treatment compensated for deterioration in working memory, reference memory and passive... 

The ability to dry up bronchial secretions and reduce laryngospasms (induced by some general anesthetics) has been the reason for using atropine and scopolamine as presurgical medication. It should be mentioned that scopolamine, which differs from atropine by the (3-6,7-epoxy bridge (Fig. 8-13), while it generally parallels atropine s pharmacological spectrum, does not share its cerebral and medullary stimulation rather it exhibits CNS depression and amnesia, properties applied to anesthesia in an adjunct capacity. 

Bacosides promote the capacity for mental retention and were active in both positive and negative reinforcement experiments [13]. Bacosides are also reported to enhance retention of newly acquired information [14]. Kishore and Singh [15] described that bacosides facilitate anterograde memory and attenuate anterograde experimental amnesia induced by scopolamine and sodium nitrite possibly by improving acetylcholine level and hypoxic conditions, respectively. 

Scopolamine is frequently used as anmesic agent. But being a synthetic drug, it has some undesirable effects. Oral dose (at 120 mg kg ) of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri inverted scopolamine (0.5 mg kg i.p.)-induced adverse effects. The ethanolic extract also stopped scopolamine (0.5 mg kg i.p.)-induced retrograde amnesia [56]. 

Scopolamine is interchangeable with atropine in preventing laryngospasm (by reducing bronchial secretion) in surgery. Its central effect, especially induced amnesia, is considered desirable in such traumatic events. 

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