Flavanones naringenin

Chalcones and dihydrochalcones have been reported in a restricted number of foods (Robards and others 1999 Tomas-Barbcran and Clifford 2000). Chalconaringenin occurs in tomato skin, but the acid extraction conditions of the usual polyphenol analyses convert the chalcone to the corresponding flavanone (naringenin) in the tomato. The most common dihydrochalcones found in foods are phloretin glucoside (phloridzin) and phloretin xylogalactoside, which are characteristic of apples (see Table 2.2) and derived products such as apple juice, cider, and pomace (Robards and others 1999 Tomas-Barbcran and Clifford 2000). 

Flavanones Naringenin, hesperetin, Oranges and other citrus fruits... 

Flavanones naringenin Orange juice 120% Sanchez-Moreno and others 2005... 

Organic acid Flavanones (naringenin) Flavonol (kaempferol)... 

The biological activity of flavonoids has attracted much interest in the part twenty years and a few compounds of this class have been shown to have AChEI effects. The flavanone naringenin (74) from Citrus junos (Rutaceae) ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, which may be related to an antiAChE effect, since naringenin was shown to inhibit AChE in vitro dose dependently. A recent theoretical study has shown that flavonoids and xanthones exhibit polyvalent effects such as antioxidant, amyloid reduction and cholinesterase inhibition, which made them interesting candidates for further studies. 

Jam, confectionery, and herb compositional data are presented in Table 4.12. Honey contains low levels of both flavonols and flavones, and the presence of the flavanone naringenin has also been documented. Fruit jams also contain low levels of flavonols and catechins, which generally reflect the flavonoid profile of the whole fruit. 

Erlund, L, Meririnne, E., Alfthan, G., and Aro, A., Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice, J. Nutr., 131, 235, 2001. 

TriOH-flavanone (naringenin) 7-sulfate C15H12O8S 352 Fermentation product of — — 49... 

Ethyl-(3-D-glucuronate) (25) 5,7,4 -TriOH-Flavanone (naringenin) C23H24O11... 

Chalcones are comparatively rare in foods. Naringenin chalcone is present in tomato skin and may be present in juice, paste and ketchup. Acid hydrolysis, commonly applied prior to HPLC, converts the chalcone to the corresponding flavanone (naringenin), which is naturally present only in trace amounts (2-15 mg/kg) in the tomato [23],... 

The flavanones have received less attention in comparison to flavonols and isoflavones, although their intake from the diet can be high and they exhibit promising biological activity. Little information is available about the absorption or the kinetic behavior of the flavanones naringenin, hesperetin and their glycosylated forms naringin, hesperidin, and narirutin. 

As previously mentioned, certain flavonoids can penetrate into the hydrophobic core of membranes, a feature that mainly relies on their hydrophobic character, which is dictated by flavanoid chemical structure and spatial conformation. When flavonoid hydrophobicity was assessed from the partition coefficient between ra-octanol and an aqueous solution, the following order of hydrophobicity was observed flavone, genistein > eriodictyol, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, daidzein > > galangin, morin, flavanone, naringenin, taxifolin (Table 4.1). 

Flavonoids also showed, to some extent, some antifungal and antiviral activity. In this case, there is an important structure-activity relationship. The flavonol quercetin and the flavanone hesperidin exhibit inhibition activity towards the infective capacity and/or replication of herpes simplex type viruses and polio viruses, while the flavanone naringenin totally lacks this ability [124]. For researchers the impossibility to dissociate, the viruses from the flavonol quercetin after 1 hour of interaction, either by dialysis or ultracentrifugation suggests the formation of quercetin-virus complexes, which may have lost the ability to induce infection. With respect to the antiviral activity of the methoxylated flavones, this is strongly related to a substitution pattern based on... 

Felgines, C. et al., BioavaUability of the flavanone naringenin and its glycosides in rats, ra. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 279, G1148,2000. 

Flavanones Naringenin Hespe retin Lemon, orange, grapefruit, and tangerine [11,12]... 

However, the flavanone naringenin (10) [but not dihydro-kaempferol (13)] is the substrate for flavone formation in snapdragons. Antirrhinum majus (Scrophulariaceae) (flavone synthase II) (Fig. 11.10). In this plant, flavones arise from dehydrogenation of flavanones and not from dehydration of dihydroflavonols (Britsch et al., 1981). A similar enzyme system converts dihydroflavonols to flavonols (Britsch et al., 1981). In other work, the enzyme responsible for oxidation of flavanones to flavones in snapdragon Antirrhinum majus) was isolated from a microsomal fraction and shown to require NADPH and molecular oxygen (Britsch et al., 1981 Dewick, 1989 Forkmann and Stotz, 1981). The system appears to be a cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase. This system also is known from Glycine max... 

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