Scaled, 7 Remediation

In 1995, SEMATECH performed an evalnation of the Alzeta TPU for abating perflnorocom-ponnds (PECs). Based on this evalnation, a cost estimate was performed. While the costs of a commercial-scale remediation system may vary from this estimate, the information is discnssed as a basis for comparison. 

The groundwater at the 2-acre Avco Lycoming Superfund site in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, was contaminated with chlorinated solvents, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium. Following a successful pilot-scale demonstration that lasted from 1995 through 1996, the technology was applied on a fuU-scale. The cost of the pilot-scale demonstration was approximately 145,000. The full-scale remediation system cost about 220,000 to construct. Operation and maintenance costs have been approximately 50,000 per year (D210571, p. 93 D213376, p. A-47). 

The vendor refers to the CSR process as cost effective and claims that it can save a significant amount of money however, as no full-scale remediations have yet been conducted, no cost information is available (D151359, pp. 1, 2). 

The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE s) Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANE) conducted a cost analysis of the circulating fluidized-bed combustor based on the full-scale remediation of a former oil field on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. The LANE determined that the remediation cost ranged from 150 to 300 per ton when treating 20,000 to 50,000 tons of soil. For the treatment of 10,000 to 15,000 tons of contaminated soil, the cost ranged from 350 to 400 per ton. These estimates exclude the cost of excavation (D21225Z, p. 63). 

SPSH has received multiple patents and has been used in full-scale remediations. It is commercially available in the United States through Current Environmental Solutions L.L.C., (CES), which was established by, and is supported by, staff and equipment from Battelle and Terra Vac Corp. Current Environmental Solutions also offers the technology in select markets in Europe and Asia. 

Soil vapor extraction is a commercially proven technology, and according to the vendor, the Vaportech enhanced volatilization method has been used in many full-scale remediations. The developer has performed held studies using hot air injection to further enhance the performance of this technology. The Vaportech technology is commercially available from Envirogen, Inc., formally MWR, Inc. 

Franl ort, Indiana. This project involved full-scale remediation of an leaking underground storage tank (LUST) site. The site contained 1238 tons of soil contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The area of contaminated soil was 27 by 55 ft across and 15 ft deep. TPH concentrations were reduced from 1200 parts per million (ppm) to nondetectable levels in 82 days. The cost of the project was 13,600. This cost included mobilization, demobilization, and in situ BIO-INTEGRATION treatment (D17796C, p. 1). This breaks down to approximately ll/ton of soil treated. 

TABLE 1 Cost Information for Full-Scale Remediation Applications... 

The vendor states that LTTD has been used during several full-scale remediation applications. Contaminated soils have been treated using the on-site and fixed-facility LTTD equipment (D22644I). On-site treatment costs were approximately 42 per ton. Treatment costs for the fixed-facihty applications ranged from approximately 35 per ton to 105 per ton. The cost data is summarized in Table 1. 

During a fuU-scale remediation of a pulp and paper industry wood preserving site in California, cleanup costs were estimated at 50 per ton. The remediation included in situ treatment of soil, sediment, and groundwater (D10103H, pp. 18-22). 

During a full-scale remediation of 10,000 tons of contaminated soil and sludge at a Louisiana petroleum refining facility, costs were estimated at 40 per ton. The cleanup involved of both in situ and ex situ techniques (D10103H, pp. 23-15). 

TABLE 1 Estimated Full-Scale Remediation Costs Using the Daramend System... 

D17911X). See Table 1 for estimated full-scale remediation costs using the Daramend system and Table 2 for site preparation costs. 

The technology is patented and has been used during full-scale remediation efforts. LCRS is commercially available through Horizontal Subsurface Systems, Inc. 

The polywall barrier system was developed by Horizontal Technologies, Inc. (HTI), of Mat-lacha, Florida. The first polywall barrier system was completed in 1993. Since that time, the technology has been demonstrated at more than 10 other sites and used in full-scale remediation applications. The polywall barrier technology is currently commercially available through Horizontal Subsurface Systems, Inc. 

C-Sparger technology is patented (U.S. Patents 5,855,775 and 6,083,407) and additional patents are pending. C-Sparger technology is commercially available and has been used in the full-scale remediation of sites in the United States and The Netherlands. 

According to the vendor, bench-scale and pilot-scale tests have been performed in Canada and Asia. LIST is currently being used for a full-scale remediation of sediments contaminated with coal tar from a former manufacmred gas plant (MGP) site in Massachusetts. The technology is commercially available. 

TABLE 1 Total Costs of the Full-Scale Remediation at the Farmer s Cooperative Exchange Superfund Site in Washington, North Carolina, 1995-1996... 

During a full-scale remediation at a manufacturing company s service station in Pennsylvania, the Micro-Bac International, Inc., bioremediation process was used to treat 650 yd of soil contaminated with No. 6 fuel oil. The vendor estimated that the in sim operation cost 25.00/yd (D10281Y, p. 8-11). 

Molasses has been used in slurry-phase bioreactors to encourage the bioremediation of explosives. The costs of this ex situ system were calculated based on the pilot-scale demonstration at the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant in Joliet, Illinois. The projected costs of a full-scale remediation using the slurry-phase treatment system ranged from 290 to 350/yd (D210571, p. 67). 

Natural attenuation, often called intrinsic remediation, intrinsic bioremediation, bioattenuation, or monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is an in situ treatment technology for soil, sediment, or groundwater. The technology has been used for full-scale remediation of sites contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), chlorinated solvents, explosives, inorganics, and metals. 

The ShallowTray air stripper is protected under U.S. Patents 5,045,215 and 5,240,595. ShallowTray is a registered trademark of North East Environmental Products, Inc. The technology has been applied at full-scale remediation projects and is commercially available. 

The S.A.V.E. technology was developed to remediate problems caused by leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs). The technology was patented by Remediation Services International. S.A.V.E. technology has been applied during full-scale remediation projects and is commercially available. 

SBP Technologies, Inc., has closed for business. The solid-phase bioremediation technology has been used during fuU-scale remedial applications but is not longer commercially available. According to the vendor, the solid-phase bioremediation technology has several advantages ... 

According to the vendor, the full-scale remediation of contaminated soil at the McKin Superfund site in Gray, Maine, was 2,900,000. This figure included the costs for salaries and wages, rental, supplies, subcontractors, fuel, and other professional services. It did not include the expenses associated with mobilization, site characterization, pilot-scale treatability testing, waste material disposal, site closure, or demobilization (D14110W, p. 64). 

SOUND/epic (SOUND) owns the distribution rights in the United States to the dispersion by chemical reaction (DCR ) technology. The DCR process is a lime-based chemical stabilization process used to convert oily wastes into a solid, free-flowing, soil-like material. The technology has also been applied to soils contaminated with toxic heavy metals. SOUND has used the technology on full-scale remediation activities in the United States, and it is commercially available. 

Between 1994 and 1995, STC Remediation, Inc., performed a full-scale remediation project at the Gould Superfund site in Portland, Oregon. Approximately 60,000 yd of soil and debris at the battery recycling facility were contaminated with lead. The vendor states that the reagent costs were approximately 28.00 per ton of waste (D113382, p. 8). 

At the Field Brook site near Ashtabula, Ohio, the total cost of the pilot-scale testing and demonstration was 638,670. Most of the cost was attributed to the procurement of capital equipment, plant operations, and laboratory analysis. Equipment was leased or acquired from other Department of Energy (DOE) sites in order to reduce costs. The fuU-scale remediation... 

Typically about 50% of the total cost in the field-scale remediation of sludge or soil is labor. To reduce labor costs, the size of the reactor and the process should be appropriately designed so the least amount of time is spent on-site. For sites where treatment is expected to be completed in less than 1 year, portable reactors should be considered to avoid the cost of erecting large-scale, permanently sited equipment (D10061O, pp. 17-18). 

A full-scale remediation using the Terra-Kleen solvent extraction technology was conducted in 1994 at the naval communications station in Stockton, California. Approximately 550 tons of soil was contaminated with chlorinated pesticides. According to the vendor, treatment costs for this application were 400 per ton of soil treated (D10344W, pp. 15-16 D20809D, p. 46). 

An SGS was used to segregate uranium-contaminated soil at the ER Site 16 Concrete Dump Site at the DOE s Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The actual cost of the full-scale remediation was 164,109, including 59,326 for mobilization, 57,770 for operations, and 47,013 for demobilization. Based on the 661.8 yd of soil processed, the unit cost of the operation was 236/yd. Site preparation, crane operation, oversight labor, health physics support, water supply, sample analysis, and waste disposal were not included in the actual or unit costs (D21040S, p. 74 D21233Z, pp. 12, 13). 

Strong, L.C., H. McTavish, M.J. Sadowsky, and L.P. Wackett (2000). Field-scale remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil using recombinant Escherichia coli expressing atrazine chlorohydrolase. Environ. Microbiol., 2 91-98. 

Comfort SD, Shea PJ, Machacek TA, Gaber H, Oh B-T. Field-scale remediation of a metolchlor-contaminated spill site using zerovalent iron. J Environ Qual 2001 30 1636-1643. 

UV oxidation of organic water pollutants in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, ozone or both with powerful medium-pressure mercury lamps is performed on industrial scales (Gottschalk et al., 2000). The synergistic combination of ozone and UV is especially suited for water sanitation, i.e. treatment of swimming pool and spa water (Rice, 1997). Many full-scale remediation applications of photo-initiated AOPs using hydrogen peroxide or ozone are already in operation (Chem-viron Carbon, 1997, Freeman and Harris, 1995). 

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