Barrier technology

We can now complete the picture and easily visualize a possible long-term future for feedstock and processes, as shown in Figure 10.15. The occurrence of this vision, however, is strongly dependant on the ability of researchers to remove the technological barriers highlighted in the previous section. 

Ross, D.K. (2006). Hydrogen storage The major technological barrier to the development of hydrogen fuel cell cars. Vacuum, 80 (10), 1084-1089. 

The clay-based grouting technique is a barrier technology. Barriers are designed to contain... 

In this chapter, we review the current status of doping of SiC by ion implantation. Section 4.2 examines as-implanted depth profiles with respect to the influence of channeling, ion mass, ion energy, implantation temperature, fluence, flux, and SiC-polytype. Experiments and simulations are compared and the validity of different simulation codes is discussed. Section 4.3 deals with postimplant annealing and reviews different annealing concepts. The influence of diffusion (equilibrium and nonequilibrium) on dopant profiles is discussed, as well as a comprehensive review of defect evolution and electrical activation. Section 4.4 offers conclusions and discusses technology barriers and suggestions for future work. 

Ion implantation appears as the only feasible method to accomplish selective area doping of SiC in planar device technology. As described in this chapter, substantial progress has been made during recent years but several fundamental issues and technology barriers remain before the implantation process is fully developed and can be truly implemented in SiC device processing. Eor instance, mesa-etched p n-diodes... 

Over the years, dozens of excuses have been provided for the industry s lack of manufacturing innovation many of the reasons are well known and have been published elsewhere [35]. For the sake of simplicity, the factors limiting the adoption of PAT can be distilled into three categories real and perceived technological barriers, lack of economic incentive, and regulatory disincentives. 

Technological barriers limiting primary accident prevention. 

Technological barriers exist for the production of, for example, acrylic acid from biomass, while currently higher prices impede the production of N-containing chemicals (acrylonitrile, acrylamide, and e-caprolactam) from proteins. These obstacles will be overcome according to van Haveren et al. in the next 10 to 20 years. 

Although FCS has now been invoked in about 3,000 scientific publications, now at 400 per year, its use before about 1990 was limited by severe technological barriers involving instability of laser light sources, poor sensitivity of photon detectors, noisy electronics, and insufficient computer capacities for the correlation computations. These problems inhibited application of FCS, until suddenly about 1990 the electro-optical and computational technologies advanced so that it became feasible. These advances occurred in synchrony with our creation of Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy, which has enabled effective research on the molecular dynamics of life in living tissues and animals [14]. 

As indicated in the results, thermal efficiencies are in the range of 27-31% which are 20-30% higher than for those of current biomass power plants. COj emissions and electricity costs by biomass power plants are low compared to those by PV systems as shown in the previous section (6.1). Technology barriers to realize a new biomass power plant seem not so high, however, a high barrier is to find a plantation site. 

---