Dumping site

The atmospheric movement of pollutants from sources to receptors is only one form of translocation. A second one involves our attempt to control air pollutants at the source. The control of parhculate matter by wet or dry scrubbing techniques 3delds large quantities of waste materials—often toxic—which are subsequently taken to landfills. If these wastes are not properly stored, they can be released to soil or water systems. The prime examples involve the disposal of toxic materials in dump sites or landfills. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 and subsequent revisions are examples of legislation to ensure proper management of solid waste disposal and to minimize damage to areas near landfills (4). 

Plastic is forever.Whether future archaeologists will find our plastics neatly arranged in dump sites or scattered everywhere across the globe, find them they will. They will still be there long after the wood has rotted, the concrete crumbled and the iron rusted away. This will be known as the Plastic Age". 

The refractory nature of some pollutants, notably, persistent polyhalogenated compounds, has raised problems of bioremediation of contaminated sites (e.g., sediments and dumping sites). There has been interest in the identification, or the production by genetic manipulation, of strains of microorganisms that can metabolically degrade recalcitrant molecules. For example, there are bacterial strains that can reductively dechlorinate PCBs under anaerobic conditions. 

Farallon Islands Nuclear Waste Dump Site (FINWDS) and Point Arena (reference site), 1986—1987 Suchanek et al. 1996... 

Suchanek IH, Lagunas-Solar MC, Raabe OG, et al. 1996. Radionuclides in fishes and mussels from the Farallon Islands nuclear waste dump site, California. Health Phys 71(2) 167-178. 

Sanitary landfilling is an acceptable and recommended method for ultimately disposing of solid wastes. This method has sometimes been confused with waste disposal on open and burning dump sites, but this is a misconception. The sanitary landfill is an engineered landfill that requires sound and detailed planning and specification, careful construction, and efficient operation. In essence,... 

Sources of lead in dust and soil include lead that falls to the ground from the air, and weathering and chipping of lead-based paint from buildings and other structures. Lead in dust may also come from windblown soil. Disposal of lead in municipal and hazardous waste dump sites may also add lead to soil. Mining wastes that have been used for sandlots, driveways, and roadbeds can also be sources of lead. 

The average THg concentration of all tissue samples (n = 285) was 0.2482 0.2546 pg/g, wet weight, ww, ranging from 0.0148 to 0.8052 pg/g. The highest levels were found at the factory site, close to the waste dumping point, followed by the meander, wildlife reserve, and reference sites (Table 1). This fact indicates an important mercury uptake by zebra mussels at the hot spot and redistribution to areas located immediately downstream and near to the river bank opposite the dumping site. 

Mean concentration of THg in tissue pooled samples (n = 34) was 1.49 0.22 (ig/g dw, ranging from 0.056 to 3.11 pg/g. The highest level was found at the factory site, located close to the waste dumping site. This result indicates an important mercury uptake by the specimens located at the hot spot and a limited redistribution to other areas close to the opposite river bank. 

The determination of THg levels in liver, kidney, and muscle of common carp from the Flix area and sampling points of interest located downstream has been extensively reported [33, 34]. In this regard, the specimens were collected in five stations, namely Ribaroja reservoir (located 10 Km upstream from Flix) the Flix reservoir (chlor-alkali plant and a waste dumping site) Asco, Xerta, and the irrigation channels of the Ebro Delta Natural Park, three sites situated 5.6 Km, 37 Km, and 70 Km downstream from Flix, respectively (Fig. 2). 

American lobster, Homarus americanus serum Marine crustaceans Muscle, 10 species Whole, various species Aesop shrimp, Pandalus montagu r, soft parts Scotland reference site vs. waste dump site Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus soft parts Puerto Rico Anasco Bay West coast... 

Vine, M.F. et al., Effects on the immune system associated with living near a pesticide dump site, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 1113, 2000. 

As stated in Chapter 1, a laboratory analysis is almost always meant to give a result that is indicative of a concentration in a large system. For example, a farmer wants an analysis result to represent fertilizer needs in an entire 40-acre field. A pharmaceutical manufacturer wants an analysis result to represent the concentration of an active ingredient in each tablet in 80 cases of its product, each case containing three dozen bottles of 100 tablets each. A governmental environmental control agency wants a single laboratory analysis to represent the concentration of a toxic chemical in every cubic inch of soil within 5 miles of a hazardous waste dump site. 

Mirex has been found in human adipose tissue (Burse et al. 1989 Kutz et al. 1974). Although the route of exposure was not specified, exposure was probably via the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. Levels of 0.16-5.94 ppm and 0.3-1.13 ppm in males and females, respectively, were found in tissue samples taken either from postmortem examinations or during surgery (Kutz et al. 1974). The adipose tissue samples came from individuals who lived in areas in which mirex was used extensively in a program to control fire ants. Adipose tissue levels of mirex ranging from 0.03 to 3.72 ppm have been found in residents living near a dump site in Tennessee (Burse et al. 1989). 

Elder VA, Proctor BL, Hites RA. 1981. Organic compounds found near dump sites in Niagara Falls, NY. Environ Sci Technol 15 1237-1243. 

Dissolved O2 concentrations (in mg O2/L) in the bottom waters of the Mid-Atlantic bight during the summer of 1976. The numbered boxes mark the locations of active and historical dump sites. The 12-mile dump site (1) was used for the disposal of NYC s municipal wastes until 1981. The city then switched to the 106-mile dumpsite (2), which was to used until 1991. The Philadelphia sludge site (3) was used until 1981. Source-. From Steimie, F. W., and C. J. Sindermann, (1978). Man ne Fisheries Review 40, 17-26. 

---