Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide

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Further details on the different uses of H202 can be found in refs. [ 1-3], while more specific aspects of the uses of H202 for catalytic dean industrial oxidation processes in are given in refs. [6, 9, 10]. 

Direct Synthesis of H202 from an Industrial Perspective 

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Other Sterilants. Sterilization methods, developed in response to the requirements of a low temperature, noncorrosive stedlant and rapid turnaround time required by most hospitals, include use of hydrogen peroxide vapor, hydrogen peroxide plasma, and peroxy acetic acid. Acceptance of these methods was not universal as of this writing (ca 1996). 

The use of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with Fe(II) (Fenton s reagent) or ozone has already been noted. It has been nsed alone to examine the products from o - and m-phenylenediamines in the context of their mntagenicity (Watanabe et al. 1989). Successive reactions produced 3,4-diaminophenazine from o-phenylenediamine, and 3,7-diaminophenazine from m-phenylenediamine. 

The use of hydrogen peroxide plus proprietary additives for the secondary pickle. 

A great number of transformations has been performed on narceine imide (116) by Czech researchers. Oxidation with potassium permanganate in acetone or with nitric acid caused the cleavage of the alkaloid, giving rise to hemipinic imide (127). A similar result was noted by Rdnsch (129,130) during Lemieux-Johnson oxidation of ene lactam 152 (129,130) in this reaction the basic component (156) was isolated as well. The use of hydrogen peroxide in acetone converted 116 to (Z)-narceine imide N-oxide, which under the action of acetic anhydride underwent N-dealkylation (135). 

Intensification can be achieved using this approach of combination of cavitation and advanced oxidation process such as use of hydrogen peroxide, ozone and photocatalytic oxidation, only for chemical synthesis applications where free radical attack is the governing mechanism. For reactions governed by pyrolysis type mechanism, use of process intensifying parameters which result in overall increase in the cavitational intensity such as solid particles, sparging of gases etc. is recommended. 

Usually, the use of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with ultrasound is beneficial only till an optimum loading [65-67]. The optimum value will be dependent on the nature of the chemical reactions and the operating conditions in terms of power density/operating frequency (these decide the rate of generation of the free radicals) and laboratory scale studies are essential to establish this optimum for the specific application in question. Literature reports may not necessarily give correct solutions (for optimum concentration) even if matching is done with respect to the... 

We focus here on the use of oxygenases, particularly the blue copper oxygenases, such as laccase and bilirubin oxidase, which can biocatalytically reduce oxygen directly to water at relatively high reduction potentials under mild conditions. First, however, we will briefly consider reports on the use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in biocatalytic fuel cells. 

The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant is not compatible with the operation of a biocatalytic fuel cell in vivo, because of low levels of peroxide available, and the toxicity associated with this reactive oxygen species. In addition peroxide reduction cannot be used in a membraneless system as it could well be oxidized at the anode. Nevertheless, some elegant approaches to biocatalytic fuel cell electrode configuration have been demonstrated using peroxidases as the biocatalyst and will be briefly reviewed here. 

The use of hydrogen peroxide as reagent has been exploited less than it warrants because the anhydrous material is not readily available, and is inconvenient and hazardous to handle. 

Tail gas scmbbers are sometimes used on single absorption plants to meet S02 emission requirements, most frequently as an add-on to an existing plant, rather than on a new plant. Ammonia (qv) scrubbing is most popular, but to achieve good economics the ammonia value must be recovered as a usable product, typically ammonium sulfate for fertilizer use. A number of other tail gas scrubbing processes are available, including use of hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, lime and soda ash. Other tail gas processes include active carbon for wet oxidation of S02, molecular sieve adsorbents (see MoLECULARSIEVEs), and the absorption and subsequent release of S02 from a sodium bisulfite solution. 

Torisawa [17] developed an alternative oxidative amidation of aldehydes using palladium chloride (PdCl2)-xantphos complex as a catalyst. The use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-urea complex as oxidant prevents the formation of imine from the carbinolamine intermediate and minimizes the level of benzoic acid side... 

The use of hydrogen peroxide as a mono-propellant of the cathergol type is based on the following thermochemical data for hydrogen peroxide of 86 and 100% concentration (by weight) (Wood [24], Table 66). 

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