Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

A simple process for the fabrication of biodegradable dual pore scaffolds for tissue engineering, which have a high surface area and porosity without toxic substance secretion has been presented. Ehral pores may be formed by (47)  

Forming a large pore using an effervescent mixture, while forming a small pore using a solution containing non-solvent, or 

Forming two t es in size of pores by controlling the particle size of the effervescent mixture 

In detail, dual pore pol mier scaffolds are prepared as described as follows (47)  

Preparation 8-2 A poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymer with lactic acid and glycolic acid in the weight ratio of 50 50 is dissolved in a mixture of dioxane and water to provide a 5% PLGA solution. Then, an effervescent mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and citric acid is added and uniformly mixed therein. 

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Neuss and coworkers have reported the possibility of SMPs using PCL dimethacrylate copolymers as cellular scaffold for tissue engineering. Behaviors of different cells from three different species (human mesenchymal stem cells, human mesothelial cells, and rat mesothelial cells) on the matrices were investigated, and the differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells on the matrices was also analyzed [329]. The SMPs proved biocompatibility for all tested cell types, supporting viability and proliferation. The SMPs also supported the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells 3 weeks after induction. 

Liu C, Xia Z, Czemuszka JT (2007) Design and development of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Trans IChemE, Part A, Chem Eng Res Des 85 1051-1064... 

Chuang TH et al (2009) Polyphenol-stabilized tubular elastin scaffolds for tissue engineered vascular grafts. Tissue Eng Part A 15(10) 2837-2851... 

Daamen WF et al (2003) Preparation and evaluation of molecularly-defined collagen-elastin-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 24(22) 4001-4009... 

H. Adeli, S. H. S. Zein, S. H. Tan, H. M. Akil, A. L. Ahmad, Synthesis, characterization and biodegradation of novel poly(L-lactide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications., Current Nanoscience, vol. 7, pp. 323-333,2011. 

Torres et al. (2006) reported a novel microwave processing technique to produce biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering from different types of starch-based polymers. Potato, sweet potato, com starch, and non-isolated amaranth and quinoa starch were used along with water and glycerol as plasticizers to produce porous stmctures. Figure 16.1 shows the manufacturing procedure of microwaved starch scaffolds. 

Madihally, S. V. and Matthew, W. T. (1999). Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 20,1133-1142. 

Zang et al. developed a peptide-based polyurethane scaffold for tissue engineering. LDI was reacted with glycerol and upon reaction with water produced a porous sponge due to liberation of CO2. Initial cell growth studies with rabbit bone marrow stromal cells showed that the polymer supported cell growth. 

Barry JJA, Nazhat SN, Rose FRAJ, Hainsworth AH, Scotchford CA, Howdle SM (2005) Supercritical carbon dioxide foaming of elastomer/heterocyclic methacrylate blends as scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Mater Chem 15 4881—4888... 

As well as being used as a scaffold for tissue engineering, Hutchens et al. [64] described the creation of a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite, the main mineral component of bone. Calcium phosphate particles were precipitated in BC by consecutive incubation of calcium chloride and sodium phosphate solutions. Initial tests with osteoblasts in the in vitro evaluation showed that solid fusion between the material and the bone tissue is possible. Hence, this material is a good candidate for use as a therapeutic implant to regenerate bone and heal osseous damage. 

A. G. Mikos and J. S. Temenoff, Formation of highly porous biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering, Elect. J. Biotechnol. 3(2), 1 -6 (2000). 

Storrie, H., and Mooney, D.J. (2006) Sustained delivery of plasmid DNA from polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 58 500-514. 

Crosslinkable bioresorbable hydrogel block copolymer compositions, (V), were prepared by Loomis [6] for implantable prostheses and as scaffolding for tissue engineering applications. 

Fig. 36 Formation of bioactive, fiber-scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mixtures of telechelic ureidopyrimidone polymers [consisting either of poly(e-caprolactam) or pep-tidic GRGDS sequences] are processes into fibers... 

Kuo, C.K. Ma, P.X. lonically crosslinked alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering Part 1. Structure, gelation rate and mechanical properties. Biomaterials 2001,22, 511-521. 

Sheridan, M.H. Shea, L.D. Peters, M.C. Mooney, D.J. 59. Bioabsorbable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering capable of sustained growth factor delivery. J. Control. Release... 

Kang, H.W. Tabata, Y. Ikada, Y. Fabrication of porous gelatin scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 1999, 20, 1339-1344. 

Table 1 Applications of multiscale fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering... 

Li WJ et al (2006) Fabrication and characterization of six electrospun poly(alpha-hydroxy ester)-based fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2(4) 377-385... 

Li WJ et al (2002) Electrospun nanofibrous structure a novel scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res 60(4) 613-621... 

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