Sawdust from pine

B. Doczekalska, M. Bartkowicik, cuid R. Zcdcrzewski, Modification of sawdust from pine and beech wood with the succiniccUihydride. HolzalsRoh- und Werkstojf 65 3), 187-191 (2007). 

Fast pyrolysis of biomass provides a method for the production of phenolics that has the potential to replace at least 50% or more of the phenol in phenol-formaldehyde thermosetting resins. The gel tests indicate that the P/N fractions from pine sawdust pyrolysis with paraformaldehyde have shorter gel times than commercial plywood resins such as Cascophen 313, even without prepolymer formation. A novolak formulation has been prepared using 1 1 by volume of phenol and P/N fraction and about half of the amount of formaldehyde that would be used than if phenol alone were employed. Very promising resols have also been made with a similar substitution of the P/N fraction for phenol. Wood testing and resin formulation development are ongoing activities. The projected economics suggest that additional research and development of this process are fully warranted. 

Figure 7. Amortized costs of phenolics and neutrals fraction from pine sawdust pyrolysis calculated as a function of feedstock cost and plant size. Note that the calculations include costs associated with all feedstock preparation as if this were an independent plant.

Place one of these colorants into water, and soak some sawdust or a pine-cone in the solution for several hours so that it gets absorbed into the wood fibers. Remove the pinecone or sawdust from the solution, and let it dry completely. When the material is dry, it can be burned and produces a flame color depending on the mineral that is used for a colorant. 

Elliott, D.C., Hart, T.R., Neuenschwander, G.G., Rotness, L.J., Olarte, M.V., Zacher, A.H., Solantausta, Y., 2012. Catalytic hydroprocessing of fast pyrolysis bio-oil from pine sawdust. Energy Euels 26, 3891—3896. 

Woodflour, a fine sawdust preferably obtained from softwoods such as pine, spruce and poplar, is the most commonly used filler. Somewhat fibrous in nature, it is not only an effective diluent for the resin to reduce exotheim and shrinkage, but it is also cheap and improves the impact strength of the mouldings. There is a good adhesion between phenol-formaldehyde resin and the woodflour and it is possible that some chemical bonding may occur. 

The sawdust used in this work was a radiata pine. HZSM-5 and HY pellet was purchased from Zeobuilder, Ga was impregnated over zeolites by excess water evaporation. The catalytic upgrading... 

The removal of metal ions from waste aqueous solutions is of importance to many countries of the world both environmentally and for water re-use. The application of low-cost sorbents including carbonacceous materials, agricultural products and waste by-products has been investigated [1], Several researchers employing wide variety techniques have attempted removal of metal ions from contaminated water bodies. Majorities of these are adsorption on various surfaces. In recent years, agricultured by products have been widely studied for metal removal from water. These include peat [2], pine bark [3], banana peat [4], peanut shells [5], sawdust [6] and leaves [7]. 

Materials. The wood sample, red spruce (Picea rubens), was obtained locally and used in sawdust form collected from a 1 mm sieve. Kraft pine lignin (Indulin AT) was obtained from Westvaco. 

Biblos and Coleman investigated another type of potential structural composite product (53). They made and tested panels consisting of a particleboard core from sawdust and bark and faces of veneer. All material was southern pine, and 9% urea formaldehyde served as binder. Strength tests indicated the composite panels were superior to conventional two-layer floor systems of 1/2-inch plywood plus 5/8-inch particleboard underlayment. 

Now, if the sawdust of mixed hardwood is assumed to be in fact the sawdust of Western red cedar, the Tc for a sawdust heap of mixed hardwood, formed into a sphere, 82 cm in diameter, and placed in the atmosphere under isothermal conditions, which is cited in Table 21, is calculated at 134.8 °C, because the values of the variables, a, b, r, and apart from the constant, A T, in Eq. (79), are fixed for the sphere at 12574.6, -25.1238, 41, 0.16 and 3.32, respectively. The value of 7). thus calculated is in fair agreement with the value of 135 °C measured actually by Anthony et al. for the sphere [68]. Similarly, if the sawdust of Kiefemholz (German pine) is assumed to be in fact the sawdust of Douglas fir, the for a sawdust heap of Kiefemholz, formed into a sphere, 100 cm in diameter, and placed in the atmosphere under isothermal conditions, which is also cited in Table 21, is calculated at 131.8 °C, because the values of the variables, a, b, r, and apart from the constant, A T, in Eq. (79), are fixed for the sphere at 12489.87, -24.6042, 50, 0.14 and 3.32, respectively. The value of Tc thus calculated is in fair agreement with the value of 130 °C measured actually by John for the sphere [69, 70]. Once again, if the sawdust of Kiefemholz is assumed to be in fact the sawdust of Douglas fir, the Tc for a sawdust heap of Kiefemholz, formed into an infinite slab, 40 cm in thickness, and placed in the atmosphere under isothermal conditions, which is also cited in Table 21, is calculated at 139.0 °C, because the values of the variables, a, b, r, dfc and dc, apart from the constant, A T, in Eq. (79), are fixed for the infinite slab at 12489.87, -24.6042, 20, 0.14 and 0.878, respectively. The value of 7) thus calculated is in fair agreement with the value of 140 °C measured actually by John for the slab [69]. 

The relation of weight-loss and ten rature variation at pine sawdust pyrolysis by thermogravimetry is shown in Fig. 2, where the continuous line is predicted result by model and the symbols are the experimental values. As constant heating rate is considered, the correlation of weight loss and tenq erature variation represents weight-loss evolution history. As can be seen from this figure, the kinetic model predicts well the weight-loss and tenqierature variation. 

The apparatus used to study densification by compression is shown in Figure 1 (a). It consists of a steel die and piston 2.5 cm in diameter capable of being heated to various temperatures during pressing. The travel of the piston was measured as a function of applied pressure. Ten-gram samples of minus 10 mesh pine sawdust dried at 110 C were held at temperature for 15 min after initial cold compaction at 200 psi, and the pressure was then increased in 300-psi increments to 10,000 psi. The resulting densities are shown as a function of pressure in Figure 2 for temperatures from 100-225 C, Runs were made also at 250 and 300 C, but wood was heavily pyrolyzed in the process and the results were discarded. 

By far, wood particles are the major raw material source used for manufacturing WPCs. Wood particles can originate from sawdust, planer shavings, short solid pieces of lumber, conventional wood composite scrap [6], and scrap pallets [12], Both softwoods and hardwoods can be used for WPC production. Currently, most WPCs using softwoods are made with southern yellow pine, while WPCs produced with hardwoods are made with oak, maple, or aspen. The anatomical features as well as physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of softwoods and hardwoods differ considerably among species, and may affect the wood-polymer interface, and, as a consequence, the composite s properties and performance. 

Pinelo, M., Rubilar, M., Sineiro, J., and Nunez, M.J., Extraction of antioxidant phenolics from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus) and pine sawdust Pinus pinaster). Food Chem., 85, 267-273, 2004. 

Interestingly, MWLs and CELs isolated from HWs after mild alkali preextraction of wood sawdust were found to contain very small amounts of sugars, even without the purification typically carried out for MWL [25-28,34]. This finding implies that a significant amount of carbohydrates in HWs is attached to lignin via alkali-labile linkages, probably of ester type. However, this same conclusion is not applicable to a softwood material (loblolly pine). 

Coniferous woods, sawdust, and high-resin woods can also be treated with the sulfate procedure. Sulfate pulp is more opaque and voluminous than sulfite pulp. Terpentine-like liquid resins ( pine oils ) are recovered as by-products from the exhaust gases. 

One way to assure low raw material costs is to have multiple use of the material. If wood chips, sawdust, or bark is to be extracted, the residue should be useful for another purpose. Examples of this approach are 1) Isolation of arabinogalac-tan gum from western larch Larix occidentalis) heartwood chips followed by kraft pulping of the extracted chips 2) isolation of mimosa tannins from bark of trees in which the peeled wood Acacia sp.) serves as raw material for chemical cellulose production (South Africa) and 3) tall oil separation from the concentrated black liquor derived from kraft pulping of southern pines. In each of these cases the brunt of the raw material cost is carried by some product other than the extractive. Assurance of low raw material costs virtually dictates extractive isolation and processing ancillary to a forest products processing plant. 

Park HJ, Heo HS, Jeon J-K, Kim J, Ryoo R, Jeong K-E, et al. Highly valuable chemicals production from catalytic upgrading of radiata pine sawdust-derived pyrolytic vapors over mesoporous MEI zeolites. Appl Catal B 2010 95 365-73. 

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