Picea rubens

Materials. The wood sample, red spruce (Picea rubens), was obtained locally and used in sawdust form collected from a 1 mm sieve. Kraft pine lignin (Indulin AT) was obtained from Westvaco. 

Rustad, L. E. Cronan, C. S. (1995). Biogeochemical controls on aluminum chemistry in the O horizon of a red spruce Picea rubens Sarg.) stand in central Maine, USA. 

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) has shown an unexplained die-back in the coastal mountains of North East America which is supposed to be a result of regional soil acidification caused by air pollution (Tomlinson, 1983). 

Vegetation on mountain slopes of sufficient elevation reveals itself organized in altitudinal bands or belts. Clearly visible examples abound, as in the northern Appalachian range where deciduous hardwood Betula-Acer-Fagus forests dominate the lower belt whereas Picea rubens-Abies balsamea conifers are more densely distributed in the upper band followed by a rather abrupt end of the tree type vegetation leading to tussocks, lower grasses and prostrate alpine plants in the upper reaches. Many other examples exist elsewhere (e.g. Cavieres et al., 2000). 

Friedland, A. J., Hawley, G. J., Gregory, R. A., 1988. Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) foliar chemistry in Northern Vermont and New York, USA. Plant Soil 105 189-193. 

Richardson, A. D., Berlyn, G. P., Gregoire, T. G. 2001. Spectral reflectance of Picea rubens (Pinaceae) and Abies balsamea (Pinaceae) needles along an elevational gradient, Mt. Moosilauke, New Hamshire, USA. Am. J. Bot. 88 667-676. 

Analytical work on the natural occurrence of monoterpenoids takes three forms. Chemotaxonomy requires a study of proportions of compounds occurring in similar species in different geographical locations. Thus Zavarin s work on Abies balsamea and A. fraseri shows that A. fraseri evolved from eastern A. halsamea by gene-loss during the xerothermic period, by following the content of the pinenes, carene, limonene, and phellandrene. This continues from earlier work on the statistical relationships of monoterpenoids (see Vol. 1, p. 7, and ref. 34). In this context the monoterpenoid composition of the cortical oleoresin of red spruce (Picea rubens) in different populations has been examined. ... 

Minocha, R. Kvaalen, H. Minocha, S.C. Long, S. (1993). Polyamines in embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce Picea abies) and red spruce Picea rubens). Tree Physiology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 365-377, ISSN 0829-318X. 

Minocha, S.C Long, S. (2004). Polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes during somatic embryo development in red spruce Picea rubens Sarg.) In Vitro Cellular Developmental Biology-Plant, Vol. 40, No. 6, p>p 572-580, ISSN 1054 5476. 

Forests dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and associated fir (balsam fir fAbies balsamea L. Mill) in the north, or Fraser fir fAbies fraseri (Pursh)... 

Andersen, C. P., and S. B. McLaughlin. 1990. Seasonal changes in shoot water relations of Picea rubens at two high elevation sites in the Smoky Mountains. Tree Phys. (in press). 

Fincher, J., J. R. Cumming, R. G. Alscher, G. Rubin, L. Weinstein. 1990. Long-term ozone exposure affects winter hardiness of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings. New Phytol. (in press). 

Sheppard, L. J., R. I. Smith, and M. G. R. Cannell. 1989. Frost hardiness of Picea rubens growing in spruce decline regions of the Appalachians. Tree Phys. 5 25-37. 

Taylor, G. E., R. J. Norby, S. B. McLaughlin, A.H. Johnson and R. S. Turner. 1986. Carbon dioxide assimilation and growth of red spruce (Picea rubens) seedlings in response to ozone, precipitation chemistry, and soil type. Oecologia 70 163-171. 

It is thought that altered ionic relations and affected membrane permeabilites may lead to several unspecific responses. As mentioned above, it remains unclear how biological effects of acidic precipitation (cf, reviews of Evans, 1984, and Tukey, 1980) are caused. For example, the reported decrease of frost hardiness of seedlings of Picea rubens due to acid rain treatments (Fowler et al, 1989b) was discussed to be caused by the interception of applied S04 --, NOa , and NH4+ the individual ion(s) responsible for the effect could not be identified, - The same conclusion is assumed to be true for most unspecific plant responses due to acid rain, including affected host plant-parasite interactions (Fliickiger, 1987),... 

Bobola, M.S., R.T. Eckert and A.S. Klein. 1992. Restriction fragment variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat unit within and between Picea rubens and Picea mariana. Can. J. For. Res. 22 255-263. 

Major, J.E., A. Mosseler, K.H. Johnsen, O.P. Rajora, D.C. Barsi, K-H. Kim, J-M. Park and M. Campbell. 2005. Reproductive barriers and hybridity in two spruces, Picea rubens and Picea mariana, sympatric in eastern North America. Can. J. Bot. 83 163-175. 

Morgenstern, E.K. 1962. Note on chromosome morphology in Picea rubens Sarg. and Picea mariana (MUl.) B.S.V. Silvae Genet. 11 163-164. 

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