Beech-wood

Miedziankit. A type of chlorate expls manufd in Ger and Poland prior to WWII. They typically contd K or Na chlorate 88—91 and liq hydrocarbons (with flash p not below 30°) 12—9% (Ref 1) K chlorate 90 and petroleum 10% or K chlorate 87, petroleum distillate 10 and beech-wood flour 3%. Their history, props and prepn are detailed in Ref 2... 

The foamability of the xylans tested [128] was low in comparison to a commercial whipping protein DIOO. Only the highly viscous beech wood xylan and the rye bran AX-protein complex exhibited remarkable foaming activity, which was similar to that of gum arable. As the MGX polymers contain considerable amounts of uronic acid side chains, this may play a role in their foaming activity together with the presence of low amounts of Ugnin. 

Fig. 7 Stabilization effect of various xylan types isolated from beech wood (GXl and GX2), corn cobs (AGXl), rye bran (AXRl and AXR3), and corn hulls (AXCl and AXC2) on the protein (BSA) foam against thermal disruption foam volume before (V1) and after (V2) heating at 95 °C for 3 min [128]...

Fig. 8 Immunostimulatory activity of MGX from beech wood (BwGX), Rudbeckia fulgida (RudGX), Altheae officinalis (AltGX), and Mahonia aquifolium (MahGX) [146] a Mitogenic activity, SImit and b comitogenic activity, Skomit...

Xylans from beech wood, corncobs, and the alkaline steeping liquor of the viscose process have been shown to be applicable as pharmaceutical auxiliaries [3]. Micro- and nanoparticles were prepared by a coacervation method from xylan isolated from corncobs [150]. The process is based on neutralization of an alkaline solution in the presence of surfactant, which was shown to influence both the particle size and morphology. They are aimed at applications in drug delivery systems. 

Partial etherification of the beech wood MGX with p-carboxybenzyl bromide in aqueous alkali yielded fully water-soluble xylan ethers with DS up to 0.25 without significant depolymerization the Mw determined by sedimentation velocity was 27 000 g/mol [400,401]. By combination of endo- 6-xylanase digestion and various ID- and 2D-NMR techniques, the distribution of the substituents was suggested to be blockwise rather than uniform. The derivatives exhibited remarkable emulsifying and protein foam-stabilizing activi-... 

Small nematodes may also be cleared in carbolxylene or beech-wood creosote and mounted in permount or balsam. This method is particularly good for hookworm adults. 

Solvent-extracted delignified beech wood pulp was treated with potassium tertiary butoxide, then with quinone methides at 25 °C or 45 °C (Figure 4.13). Following reaction, extensive solvent extraction was then performed, and the modified flour was pressed to form a disc, which was then exposed to C. versicolor or G. trabeum. No indication of biological attack was found (Loubinoux etal., 1992). 

Zollfrank (2001) reacted beech wood with trimethylsilyl chloride under anhydrous conditions in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of pyridine. Pyridine was present to scavenge the HCl produced during the reaction, thus limiting polysaccharide degradation. After reaction at room temperature for 12 hours, the wood was extracted with methanol to remove the pyridinium chloride by-product. SEM of the modified wood indicated that there was no evidence of cell wall degradation. 

Militz, H., Son, D.W., Gomez-Hemandez, L. and Sierra-Alvarez, R. (2003). Effect of fungal degradation on the chemical composition of acetylated beech wood. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. No. IRGAVP 03-40267. 

Sudo, K., Shimizu, K. and Sakurai, K. (1985). Characterization of steamed wood lignin from beech wood. Holzforschung, 39(5), 281-288. 

Zohfrank, C. (2001). SUylation of solid beech wood. Wood Science and Technology, 35(1-2), 183-189. 

Pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) is produced in fast and flash pyrolysis processes and can be used for indirect co-firing for power production in conventional power plants and potentially as a high energy density intermediate for the final production of chemicals and/or transportation fuels. Gas chromatographic analysis of the liqtrid fraction of pyrolysis products from beech wood is given in Table 3.6 (Demirbas, 2007). Biocmde resrrlts from severe hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) of relatively wet biomass and potentially can be used for the production of materials, chemicals,... 

Fig. 6.13 Yield of hydrogen of beech wood by steam reforming at different temperatures...

Plots for yield of hydrogen from supercritical fluid (water) extraction, pyrolysis gasification (water/solid = 2) of beech wood at different temperatures... 

Fig. 6.25 Plots for yields of hydrogen in gaseous products from microalga and wood samples by pyrolysis. Chlorellaprotothecoides (CP), beech wood (BW) and spruce wood (SW)...

In his De re metallica Agricola gave several methods of obtaining the metal by simple liquation of the native bismuth or by reduction with charcoal. Pulverized charcoal was placed in a small, dry pit, and a fire of beech wood was kindled over it. When the ore was thrown into the fire, the molten bismuth dripped out of it into tire pit. The solidified cakes were later purified in a crucible (24). 

Cerium in Plants and Animals. Professor Alfonso Cossa, finding the rare earths of the ceria series to be present in many apatites, and realizing the close association in nature between these earths and calcium and phosphorus, tested for them and detected their presence in bone (66). He also detected them in the ash of barley, beech wood, and tobacco. With the aid of C. Schiapparelli and G. Peroni of the University of Turin, he demonstrated their presence in human urine (66, 67, 68). 

Effect of Thallium on Plants and Animals. On January 29, 1863, R. C. Bottger announced that he had detected spectroscopic traces of thallium in wine, chicory, tobacco, sugar beet, and beech wood, and had concluded that it must be widely diffused in the vegetable kingdom (47, 73). Because of the toxicity of thallium compounds, they are sometimes added in small concentrations to the soil of rodent-infested fields. Too high a concentration of thallium inhibits germination, growth rate, and chlorophyll formation in the crops, especially in rainy weather (78). 

A small amt of the expl was spread on a large stone table and then struck a glancing blow with a mallet made either of rawhide or beech wood. The expl was thus subjected to the combined effect of shock and friction. If the sample exploded, the test was repeated by hitting the expl a glancing blow with a broomstick held at an angle of 60° against the table, taking care that the movement of the stick is in the direction of its axis. If an expin were obtd, the test was repeated on a hard wooden table and finally on a soft wooden one. If an expl, other than those used for caps, detonators, etc exploded, even partly on soft wood, it was considered to be too sensitive for use (Compare with Torpedo Friction Test, described as quantitative test i, Fi g F22)... 

His directions for making the glass are to take beech-wood, dried, and bum it in the furnace. Then take two parts of these ashes and a third part of flint, carefully cleaned from earth and stones, and mix them in a clean place. Then put them in the furnace and when they become heated stir at once so that they shall not conglomerate in melting, and do this for the space of one night and day. 

Figure 6. Chromatograms of the hydrolysates of a-cellulose from beech-wood and holocellulose from sprucewood...

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