Living microorganisms

Vaccines may be considered as representing live microorganisms, killed miciooiganisms or purified bacterial and viral components (component vaccines). These vaccine classes have been deseribed in detail in Chapter 15. Some additional points about their use are diseussed below. 

The few reports on bioremediation of colored effluents by yeasts usually mention nonenzymatic processes as the major mechanism for azo dye decolorization [5-10]. In a first approximation based on the cellular viability status, these processes can be divided into two different types bioaccumulation and biosorption. Bioaccumulation usually refers to an active uptake mechanism carried out by living microorganisms (actively growing yeasts). The possibility of further dye biotransformation by redox reactions may also occur due to the involvement of... 

The abiotic characteristics of aqueous-solid phase interfaces strongly influence chemical/biochemical reactions in the interface microenvironment of aqueous-solid phases. These reactions at interfaces are controlled mainly by biotic activity. Specifically, all aqueous-solid phase microenvironments contain living microorganisms that mediate biochemical transformations. Solid phases (e.g., soil and sediment particles) usually contain billions of microorganisms, with the aqueous phase containing smaller, but still significant, populations [22,33-39]. 

Mitomycin is an antibiotic isolated from the products of living microorganisms of the family Streptomyces caepitosus and contains quinone, urethane, and aziridine fragments [109-114], and it was later synthesized [115,116]. 

Ruinen, J. In "Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms" Stewart, W.D.P., Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press London, 1975 pp- 85-100. 

As already mentioned, the secondary alcohols that are obtained are optically active. It should be stressed that the reduction of ketones to carbinols by means of fermenting yeast is completely different from the method of resolution of racemic alcohols by treatment with living microorganisms (Pasteur). In the latter case one of the enantiomorphs is removed by oxidation during metabolism in the former it is produced by true asymmetric hydrogenation, without the intermediate formation of the inactive form, (Cf. Mayer and Levene and Walti. )... 

Centrifugation and blending of products can lead to aerosol formation and containment of such activities to prevent transfer of live microorganisms is necessary. 

Testing associated with the sterility test but requiring the use of live microorganisms (e.g., validation, stasis testing) should be carried out in laboratory facilities completely separate from the cleanroom. 

Any material introduced into the body, human or animal, parenterally (that is para-enteron or beyond the gut ) must be sterile because the body defenses have been bypassed. This concept is absolute in the sense that one cannot have partially sterile —a product is either sterile or not. Sterility means rendered free of living microorganisms (The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, 1993) or, quoting the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 28 (2005), completely free of viable microbial contamination. ... 

These days everyone knows that bacteria and viruses can make us ill, but the idea that many ailments are caused by living microorganisms is relatively new. Up until the middle of the nineteenth century most people believed that influenza was caused by unfavorable planetary influences and that malaria was the result of bad air. Only in the late 1800s did Louis Pasteur begin to unravel the mysteries of microbes and their relationship to disease. 

So much gene transfer between organisms has occurred that it is difficult to establish the earliest parts of a phylogenetic tree of the type shown in Fig. 1-5. Another factor that confuses our study of bacteria is that less than 1% of all living microorganisms have been grown in pure cultures.355 356... 

---