Process proposed

Lately a third type of transition state has been favored for [2 + 2] cycloadditions forming carbocyclic and heterocyclic four-membered rings. The experimental data on the addition of diarylketenes to arylethylenes are well accommodated by the [ 2s + 2s + 2s] process proposed by Baldwin (70JA4874). The steric effects on the cycloaddition of allenes to ketenes also favor this mechanism (76JA7698). 

The following illustration depicts the process proposed by these researchers ... 

For an exhaustive examination of the various processes proposed for the determination of hydrocyanic acid, the reader is referred to a series of papers by Eunne in the Apotheker Zeitung.-... 

Changes in electrical resistivity (V3) and mechanical properties (V3, V4) of graphite fibers upon nitration have been studied. Increases in elastic modulus, and decreases in tensile strengths, have been related to removal of boundary dislocations by the intercalation process proposed elsewhere iN4). 

To investigate this further, we probed the state of Pt before CdS incorporation into the film. After Pt incorporation and reduction with NaBH, the Pt(4f) BE was 71.1 eV, Indicating that Pt2+ complexes were completely reduced to Pt°. Pt in films without CdS can be oxidized by boiling in nitric acid as indicated by the films becoming clear. Thus, the oxidized Pt species present in fresh CdS/Pt/Nafion films is formed at some point during the CdS incorporation process. Thus, while not excluding the process proposed by Aspnes and Heller W, we consider the reduction of partially oxidized Pt as responsible, in part, for the observed induction period (10). 

A mechanistic rationale for the observed cw-selectivity has been proposed based on preorganisation of the Breslow-type intermediate and imine through hydrogen bonding 253, with an aza-benzoin oxy-Cope process proposed. Reaction via a boat transition state delivers the observed cw-stereochemistry of the product (Scheme 12.57). Related work by Nair and co-workers (using enones 42 in place of a,P-unsaturated sulfonylimines 251, see Section 12.2.2) generates P-lactones 43 with fran -ring substituents, while the P-lactam products 252 possess a cw-stereo-chemical relationship. 

This section discusses some of the measures available for reducing risk to process plant building occupants. Determining which actions to take is an iterative process. Proposed risk-reduction measures should be evaluated to confirm feasibility and to determine that risk will be sufficiently reduced. 

There have been very few method development processes proposed for 2DLC. One study (Schoenmakers et al., 2006) is titled A protocol for designing comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation systems. This study advocates that one initially chooses the first-dimension maximum acceptable analysis time, the first-dimension maximum workable pressure drop, and the smallest first-dimension column diameter. The first two variables are then used to construct a Poppe plot (Poppe, 1997)—pronounced Pop-puh (Eksteen, 2007). 

Somewhat related is a process proposed and demonstrated on labscale by the University of Siegen (Germany). The process is called the (Herhof)-Integrierte Pyrolyse und Verbren-nung (IPV) process and is decribed in detail by Hamel et al.60 In this process, biomass is converted with high-temperature steam to pyrolysis gas in a fixed-bed reactor. The generated carbon from this reactor is led to a stationary FB combustor from which the hot ash is returned to the first-mentioned reactor. The ash works catalytically to reduce the tar content of the gas produced. The gas is further cleaned and conditioned using a scrubber and electrostatic filter from which the catch is returned to the FB combustor. 

The collected data were aimed for the commercial heat treatment of hardboards (24) and for curing processes proposed for some paper grades (4,6,25). They thus refer to quite a mild pyrolysis in air, for a shorter treatment period than some of the data presented here... 

ALCOA A process proposed for manufacturing aluminum metal by the electrolysis of molten aluminum chloride, made by chlorinating alumina. It requires 30 percent less power than the Hall-Heroult process and operates at a lower temperature, but has proved difficult to control. Developed by the Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, in the 1970s and operated in Palestine, TX, from 1976 abandoned in 1985 because of corrosion problems and improvements in the efficiency of conventional electrolysis. 

Aloton Also called Buchner. A process proposed for extracting aluminum from clay. Calcined clay is leached with ammonium hydrogen sulfate solution under pressure, and ammonium alum is crystallized from the liquor. Invented by M. Buchner in Hanover-Kleefeld in 1921 piloted in Germany in the 1920s and in Oregon in 1944. It was never commercialized, but provided the basis for the Nuvalon process which was. 

Feld Also called Thionite. An early process proposed for removing hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from coal gas by absorption in an aqueous solution of ammonium thionates. Investigated by W. Feld in Germany in the early 1900s operated at Konigsberg, but never fully developed. 

Fletcher A new process proposed for making titanium dioxide pigment from ilmenite, based on its dissolution in hydrochloric acid. Developed by Fletcher Titanium Products, a subsidiary of Fletcher Challenge, a large paper company in New Zealand, based on original... 

Fresnel A predecessor of the Solvay process, proposed by A. J. Fresnel in France in 1811. 

Grosvenor-Miller A two-stage process proposed for making chlorine from hydrogen chloride. In the first stage, the hydrogen chloride reacts with ferric oxide to give ferric chloride ... 

Westvaco (2) A process proposed for making chlorine by electrolyzing aqueous copper chloride. Invented in 1928 by F. S. Low at Chlorine Products, New York. Piloted by Westvaco in the 1940s, but not commercialized. 

Wiewiorowski A process proposed for removing hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases by reacting it with sulfur dioxide in molten sulfur in the presence of an amine catalyst. Invented by T. K. Wieriorowski at the Freeport Sulfur Company, but not known to have been commercialized. 

Ziegler (2) A process proposed for making tetraethyl lead by electrolyzing the molten complex of ethyl potassium with triethyl aluminum, KA1(C2H5)4, using a lead electrode. Invented in 1963 by K. Ziegler and H. Lehmkiihl but not commercialized. 

This approach combines deductive and inductive research steps (Popper 1959, pp. 27-33) and complies with the process proposed by Ulrich/Hill (1976). This process includes cases studies as one mean of deductive research. A case study serves as one basis for the definition of industry requirements existing in reality in chapter 4 as well as a test bed for the model evaluation in chapter 6. A mapping of each chapter to the research process of Ulrich and Hill (1976), p. 348 is summarized in table 1. 

The three phases that are present in the Ziegler-Natta polymerisation are (i) the monomer (ii) the solvent and (iii) the catalyst. Reactions take place at certain points on the surface of catalyst particles. The polymer molecule grows as the monomer units join the chain where earlier monomer is attached to the catalyst particle. The precise nature of the action of catalyst is not yet known. However, the first step in the polymerisation process proposed is the formation of a monomer-catalyst complex between the organometallic compound and the monomer. 

One other process has been suggested for depolymerizing PET to TPA, i.e. ammonolysis. The process proposal would react PET with ammonia, form a... 

This process proposes to replace the H2SO4 decomposition with a reaction between H S and HjS04 and the replacement gives rise to a H S-sphtting cycle that prodnces H and elemental S from H S, shown as follows ... 

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