Avoidance of duplication

The Advisory Forum will be comprised of one member from the national body with the same remit as the Authority. It will advise the Executive Directive on the Authority s work programme and work prioritisation. The Forum will allow input from the Member States and will accordingly contribute to the avoidance of duplication between the work of the Authority and that of the Member States. It will also promote networking between organisations in Member States. 

Although responsibility for chemical warfare research rested with different departments, British scientists did not follow this division of labour in practice instead, they established informal networks and channels of communication which allowed them to coordinate, as best they could, their work throughout the war, and advance their professional careers thereafter. Appreciating the potential limitations of being integrated into the military and ministerial hierarchy, scientists used some of the newly created departments and expert committees on chemical warfare for the exchange of information and avoidance of duplication, for example at the War Office, the Ministry of Munitions, the Royal Society, and the Medical Research Committee, the predecessor of the Medical Research Council (MRC), founded under Royal Charter in 1920. ... 

Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in paragraph (l)(3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely. 

In the example discussed in Section 4.2, the company found that by integrating its accident/incident investigations across its process safety and occupational safety activities, it has saved one year of duplicate time to date by avoiding conflicting models and coordinating training efforts. This represents a 50 percent reduction in effort. 

Summaries of the data resourees considered useful were prepared. Useful data was defined as information that was publicly availdWe, scientifically collected, had statistical merit, and could be used for CPQRAs. A list of rejected resources was retained to identify references for supplemental reading and to avoid review duplication when the anticipated second edition of this book is developed. In total, 72 resources were accepted, and over 200 references were rejected. 

Many pitfalls await the unwary. Here is a short list, compiled from more detailed considerations by Bunnett.8 One should properly identify the reactants. In particular, does each retain its integrity in the reaction medium A spectroscopic measurement may answer this. The identities of the products cannot be assumed, and both a qualitative identification and a quantitative assay are in order. Pure materials are a must—reagents, salts, buffers, and solvent must be of top quality. Careful purification is always worth one s time, since much more is lost if all the work needs repeating. The avoidance of trace impurities is not always easy. If data are irreproducible, this possibility must be considered. Reactions run in the absence of oxygen (air) may be in order, even if the reactants and products are air-stable. Doing a duplicate experiment, using a spent reaction solution from the first run as the reaction medium, may tell whether the products have an effect or if some trace impurity that altered the rate has been expended. 

The OPCW will cooperate with relevant international organisations for the delivery of assistance. Such a recommendation is based on a lack of resources within the OPCW to individually provide delivery of assistance, and the fact that it is not economical for the Organisation to seek a delivery capability. In addition, cooperation with international organisations and national agencies helps avoid a duplication of activities, particularly on the site of operations furthermore, the Organisation can utilise the experience of other international organisations. 

The primary objective of laboratory personnel is to prodnce qnality resnlts that are mutually accepted. The harmonization of the laboratories to the CLP principles will benefit the global economy by the avoidance of the technical barriers to trade and the duplication of analytical determinations. In addition, CLP will improve the quality of life via the protection of human health and the enviromnent. 

An attempt is made in the present survey to collect and review the more important results of the studies of liquid film flow scattered throughout the literature. It is hoped that this will avoid future duplication of work and enable investigators to concentrate on the many aspects of film flow which have been insufficiently studied in the past. 

This approach can be easily reproduced with other CYP3A-sensitive substrates, such as buspirone, triazolam, and eplerenone, and yields quantitative examination of the relationship between these sensitive substrates and midazolam. This question was pursued in some depth by Ragueneau-Majlessi et al. (22) and showed that classification of inhibitors (five moderate and eight potent) was substrate independent in 74% to 83% of the instances. Exceptions pertained to buspirone and simvastatin that seemed to be systematically more sensitive than midazolam and saquinavir that appeared less sensitive (22). Furthermore, results of this analysis allow an extrapolation of the inhibitory effect of a compound from one probe to another avoiding a duplication of studies (i.e., effects of inhibitor on simvastatin calculated from its effect on midazolam). 

It is hoped that the present review, though not exhaustive, also because it has been attempted to avoid extensive duplication with reviews by other Authors which are expected to appear in the same series, does give an idea of the scope of the chemistry of PET generated aromatic radical ions. The field certainly... 

An excellent review has discussed the synthesis of organophosphorus cages employing phosphaalkynes as precursors.68 In order to avoid unnecessary duplication of coverage, the results here reported are restricted to transition-metal-assisted transformations. An intramolecular [2+4] cycloaddition between an 7 -phosphaalkyne and an V-cyclopentadienylli-gand to yield compound 134 is observed during the reaction of complex 114 with lithium cyclopentadienide, as shown in Eq. (29).56c... 

As indicated in Figure 4, the early7 transactinide elements find their place back in the main body of the Periodic Table. The discoverers of the currently known transactinide elements, suggested names and symbols, and dates of discovery are listed in Table 10 (19). Because there are competing claims for the discovery of these elements, the two groups of discoverers in each case have suggested names for elements 104 and 105. In the case of elements 106—109, names for the elements have not been suggested in order to avoid another duplication. 

Elimination of duplicate effort by working on establishing electronic master records and thus avoiding the need for the presentation of information in various paper formats, each of which must be controlled. 

Pharmacopoeia (J) allow an individual laboratory, able to do the offieial method, to validate an alternative method of analysis. The latter is chosen usually for speed, convenience, or economy but also to incorporate an existing database when a new or revised pharmacopeial method is adopted. Under those provisions, a laboratory can validate a method from another pharmacopeia, thereby avoiding duplication of routine work. In all three cases, only the official method could be used in compliance or contest. One point of harmonization is to avoid even the more remote instances of duplicative testing, in addition to international product registration. 

These collaborative studies have led to the establishment of European working standards. Consequently, the titers and potencies of biological products will be expressed with respect to the same reference standard. The existence of reference standards recognized throughout Europe enables national control agencies and manufacturers to avoid costly duplications of work on secondary standards that could otherwise lead to disagreements. 

In the author s experience, the most common cause of duplicate generation of the same molecule is the occurrence of pairs of "commuting reactions." Given that A and B are synthetic reactions it frequently happens that the effect of A then B is the same as the effect of B then A. Such duplicate generations of the same molecule are avoided entirely by the following device in the program. 

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