Myoelectric hand

Lee MJ, Jung SH, Mun MS, Lee S, Moon I (2006) Control of IPMC-based artificial muscle for myoelectric hand prosthesis. Proceedings 1st lEEE/RAS-EMBS international conference on biomedical robotics and biomechatronics, pp 1172-1177. doi 10.1109/BIOROB.2006. 1639251... 

FIGURE 42.3 (a) The i-limb ultra myoelectric hand and (b) i-limb skin natural cosmetic covering. (Touch Bionics... 

The Russian hand was the first semipractical myoelectric hand to be used clinically. This hand also had the distinction of being the first to use transistors (germanium) to process the myoelectric control signal (Childress, 1985). In this country, following World War II, the Committee on Artificial Limbs contracted with IBM to develop several electrically powered limbs. These were impressive engineering feats in their day but never found use outside the laboratory (Klopsteg and Wilson, 1956). 

A final comment about safety. The input lines from the electrodes in contact with the skin should be capacitively coupled to the inputs of the differential amplifier. The surface electrodes should not be directly attached to the differential amplifier inputs. The capacitive coupling blocks the flow of dc current from the amplifier to the user in the event of an electronic failure. If capacitive elements are not present to protect the user, then the user can suffer bums of the skin under the electrode site similar to those reported by Selvarajah and Datta (2001) for a myoelectric hand using a RSLSteeper single-site electrode. 

Kato, I., et al. (1970). Multifunctional myoelectric hand prosthesis with pressure sensory feedback system-Wasada Hand-4P. In Advances in External Control of Human Extremities, Proceedings cfthe Third International Symposium on External Comrol of Human Extremities, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1969, Yugoslav Committee for Electronics and Automation (CTAN), Belgrade, Yugoslavia, pp. 155-170. 

Chu, J., Moon, I., Mun, M. (2006) A real-time emg pattern rec< nitisystem based on linear-non-linear feature projecti[Pg.559]

Movement of powered prosthetic devices such as arms, hands, and legs can be controlled with the surface myoelectric signal (MES) in a very natural way. The person with the prosthesis only has to attempt to make the intended movement and this produces minute contractions of residual muscles similar to contractions in an intact limb. 

Perhaps the most transparent (to the user) artificial arms are the ones that use electrical activity generated by the muscles remaining in the stump to control the actions of the elbow, wrist and hand [Stein et al., 1988]. This electrical activity is known as myoelectricity, and is produced as the muscle contraction spreads through the muscle. Note that these muscles, if intact, would have controlled at least... 

Externally powered prostheses use electrical power to provide function. The electrical power is applied via motors located in the terminal device (hand or hook), wrist, and elbow. The grip force of the hand can be in excess of 100 N. Command signals are generated either by voluntary contraction of muscles, so-called myoelectric control, or by using switches of different kinds. For apphcations that are more complex, both the command signals are used for different operations (e.g., control of several degrees of freedom). 

FIGURE 70.6 The Utah arm is a self-contained battery powered artificial arm-hand complex. The system comprises myoelectric control of the elbow, wrist, and grasping movements. 

The first externally powered prosthesis was a pneumatic hand patented in Germany in 1915. Drawings of this hand and possibly the first electric hand were published in 1919 in Ersatzglieder und Arbeitshilfen (Borchardt et al., 1919). The first myoelectric prosthesis was developed during the early 1940s by Reinhold Reiter. Reiter published his work in 1948 (Reiter, 1948), but it was not widely known, and myoelectric control had to wait to be rediscovered during the 1950s. Reiter s... 

Farry, K. A., Walker, I. D., and Sendonaris, A. (1993). Teleoperation of a Multifingered Robotic Hand with Myoelectrics. Proceedings of Myo-Electric Control Symposium 97 (MEC 97), Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, August 16-20, pp. 115-122. 

EMG potentials are today largely used as control inputs for myoelectrically based powered systems designed for different body parts. Focusing our attention on the hand, the hterature offers a large number of studies concerned with EMG controlled hand orthoses (see, for instance, [23-25]), in addition to the equally relevant (although not of interest in this chapter) hand prostheses (see, for instance, [26-28]). 

Figure 24.16 Schematic drawing of the concept of a myoelectrically controlled hand splint. EMC signals are recorded by means of surface electrodes and are processed by a myoelectric controller that drives the actuators of the splint.

Myocadial stress and strain, 54-2 Myoelectric control, in powered hand and arm prostheses, 70-12... 

Mitchell, W. R., M. (2008). Development of a clinically viable multifunctional hand prosthesis. In MyoElectric Controls/Powered Prosthetics Sym-... 

Han-Pang H, Chun-Yen C (1999) Development of a myoelectric discrimination system for a multi-degree prosthetic hand, IEEE Proc. vol. 3, Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation, pp 2392-2397... 

Since then, prosthetic arm continues to evolve with variety of concept. For instance a Myoelectric prosthesis that uses electromyography signals or potentials from voluntarily contracted muscles to control the movements of the prosthesis arms. Here, a residual neuro-muscular system of the human body to control the functions of an electric powered prosthetic hand, wrist or elbow [2],... 

Touch Bionics is a leading developer of advanced upper-limb prosthetics (ULP). One of the two products now commercially available from this company, are the i-LIMB Hand , is a first to market prosthetic device with five individually powered digits[4]. This artificial limb looks and acts like a real human hand and represents a generational advance in bionics and patient care. The i-LIMB Hand is controlled by a unique, highly intuitive control system that uses a traditional two-input Myoelectric (muscle signal) to open and close the hand s [5],... 

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