American Chemist

Gilbert Newton Lewis (born Weymouth Massachusetts 1875 died Berkeley Califor nia 1946) has been called the greatest American chemist The January 1984 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education contains five articles describing Lewis s life and contributions to chemistry... 

Divalent carbon species first received attention with the work of the Swiss American chemist J U Nef in the late nineteenth century they were then largely ignored until the 1950s... 

Arthur Michael for whom the reaction is named was an American chemist whose career spanned the period between the 1870s and the 1930s He was independently wealthy and did much of his research in his own private laboratory... 

As will be discussed later, flexible polyester foams are not altogether satisfactory for upholstery applications and in the 1950s the attention of American chemists turned to the use of polyethers. These materials could be obtained more cheaply than the polyesters but the products were less reactive and with the catalyst... 

American chemist Charles Palmer makes a breakthrough in devising a thermal process to produce gasoline from crude petroleum. 

Cayley s extensive computations have been checked and, where necessary, adjusted. Real progress has been achieved by two American chemists, Henze and Blair Not only did the two authors expand Cayley s computations, but they also improved the method and introduced more classes into the compound. Lunn and Senior , on the other hand, discovered independently of Cayley s problems that certain numbers of isomers are closely related to permutation groups. In the present paper, I will extend Cayley s problems in various ways, expose their relationship with the theory of permutation groups and with certain functional equations, and determine the asymptotic values of the numbers in question. The results are described in the next four chapters. More detailed summaries of these chapters are given below. Some of the results presented here in detail have been outlined before ... 

Aluminum, though the third most abundant element, was quite expensive until about 1886, when a practical commercial electrolysis process was developed by a young American chemist, C. M. Hall. Bauxite, A1203-jcH20, is dissolved at about 1000°C in molten cryolite, Na3AlF6, and electrolyzed. 

Mowbray, G.M. (1814—1891). Brit-American chemist who arrived from Engl about 1855, and was one of the first to manuf NG. His product was used in the construction of the Hoosac tunnel. He later did valuable work in the development of ZyIonite (qv) and also exptd with proplnt powd... 

A simpler way of setting up a scale of electronegativities was devised by another American chemist, Robert Mulliken. In his approach, the electronegativity is the average of the ionization energy and electron affinity of the element (both expressed in electronvolts) ... 

Electronegativities, which have no units, are estimated by using combinations of atomic and molecular properties. The American chemist Linus Pauling developed one commonly used set of electronegativities. The periodic table shown in Eigure 9 7 presents these values. Modem X-ray techniques can measure the electron density distributions of chemical bonds. The distributions obtained in this way agree with those predicted from estimated electronegativities. 

To convert aluminum from the stuff of princes toys into recyclable kitchen foil required an inexpensive electrolytic reduction process. Two 22-year-old scientists, the American chemist Charles Hall and the French metal-lurgist Paul Heroult, discovered the same process independently in 1886. Both became famous as founders of the aluminum industry. Hall in the United States and Heroult in Europe. 

In 1923, the same year that Bransted and Lowry came up with their idea of what acids and bases were, an American chemist named Gilbert Newton Lewis began to work on his own acid-base theory. Lewis defined acid as any substance that accepted an electron pair. A base, on the other hand, is any substance that donates an electron pair. 

Like many American chemists of his generation, Carothers was a product of the Midwest. Born on April 27, 1896, he grew up in Des Moines, Iowa, attended college in Missouri, and earned a doctorate in chemistry in Illinois. He was the oldest of four children, and, by all accounts, his upbringing was deeply religious, straitlaced, and narrow in outlook. 

Boron (Buraq in Arabic/Burah in Persian, which is the word for white, the color being attributed to borax (sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7.10H2O)) was discovered in 1808 independently by the British Chemist, Sir Humphry Davy, and two French chemists, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Loius Jacques Thenard.1 They isolated boron in 50% purity by the reduction of boric acid with sodium or magnesium. The Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzilius identified boron as an element in 1824. The first pine sample of boron was produced by the American chemist William Weintraub in 1909. Boron does not appear in nature in elemental form, but is found in its compounded... 

Nearly four decades ago, American chemist Henry Bent40 formulated a remarkable principle that relates atomic hybridization to substituent electronegativity. This principle, now called Bent s rule, was originally expressed in the following words ... 

The word covalent was coined in 1919 when the great American Chemist Irving Langmuir said, it is proposed to define valence as the number of pairs of electrons which a given atom shares with others. In view of the fact. .. that valence is very often used to express something quite different, it is recommended that the word covalence be used to denote valence defined as above. He added, In [ionic] sodium chloride, the covalence of both sodium and chlorine is zero . 

In 1923 the American chemist G.N. Lewis provided a broad definition of acids and bases, which covered acid-base reactions not involving the traditional proton transfer an acid is an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid) and a base is an electron-pair donor (Lewis base). The concept was extended to metal-ligand interactions with the ligand acting as donor, or Lewis base, and the metal ion as acceptor, or Lewis acid. 

Wilcox, David, Jr. "American Chemists and Chemical Engineers" Miles, Wyndham, Ed. American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., 1976 pp. 217-218. 

Project-research, a method of organizing research by stipulation of projects and allocation of these to individuals or teams of scientists in separate laboratories, was developed in the United States during World War I in research on chemical warfare. This research was initially conducted largely by academic chemists as volunteers and later by them in the Research Division of the Chemical Warfare Service of the U. S. Army. Many of the leading American chemists in the 1920s shared the common experience of research on chemical warfare. The model of project-research was tried by the leaders of the division of chemistry and chemical technology of the National Research Council in order to allocate specific research problems and foster cooperative research after the war. 

American Chemists at the Century s Turn. S.M. Babcock, Harvey Wiley, Ira Remsen, T.W. Richards, and Edgar Fahs Smith. Chapter 58 in ibid., pp. 805-30. 

Adkins, Homer Burton. American Chemists and Chemical Engineers Wyndham D. Miles, ed., Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, 1976, pp. 5-7. 

At the University of Cincinnati, Harry S. Fry was among several American chemists who began using directional or arrow formulas. Another was Julius Stieglitz at the University of Chicago. Fry invented the word "electromers" for electrically different isomers and "electronic tautomerism" for nonisolable tautomers in dynamic equilibrium with each other. He applied the latter idea to benzene, arguing that benzene exists as six electromers in equilibrium with... 

Lowry praised the 1916 memoir of the American chemist Lewis as a "turning point in the history of chemistry" with its "plausible theory" of the electronic origin of the different types of chemical affinity and a clear differentiation between two kinds of valence, ionic and covalent. It is customary in mineral chemistry, he said, to consider reactions that occur between ions to be instantaneous, without attaching any importance to ionization in organic chemistry, except for the formation of salts from organic acids. 

The Swedish chemist, Svante Wold, is considered to have been the first to use the word chemometrics, in Swedish in 1972 (Forskningsgruppen for Kemometri) (Wold 1972), and then in English two years later (Wold 1974). The American chemist and mathematician Bruce R. Kowalski presented in 1975 a first overview of the contents and aims for a new chemical discipline chemometrics... 

Every year 10% of the American chemists spend 40 hours in conference rooms and use 19 pounds of paper. Even if this statement is not a truthful one, it expresses one of the well established forms of scientific statements, namely a statistical one. We are quite used to dealing with statistics, the collection and analysis of data and the drawing of conclusions from this data ( 2. ) In a scientific way, this mode constitutes no problem. On the other hand compare these two statements Get a shot against the flu because only very few of the inoculated people will get the flu, versus Get a shot against the flu, because only 3% of the inoculated people will get the flu . The second statement provides more precise information than the first. 

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