Root injury

Various techniques for collection of root exudates are associated with the risk of root injury by rupture of root hairs and epidermal cells or rapid change of the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, oxygen availability) during transfer of root systems into trap solutions, application of absorbtion materials onto the root surface, and preparation of root systems for exudate collection. The possible impact of those stress treatments may be assessed by measuring parameters of plant growth in plants either. subjected or not subjected to the collection procedure (6) and by comparing exudation patterns after exposure of roots to the handling procedures with different intensity. 

Hashizume, H., DeLeo, J. A., Colburn, R. W., and Weinstein, J. N. (2000). Spinal glial activation and cytokine expression after lumbar root injury in the rat. Spine 25, 1206—1217. 

Murata K, Nishio A, Nishikawa M, Ohinata Y, Sakaguchi M, Nishimura S. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal root injury caused by acupuncture needle— case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990 30(12) 956-9. 

Stems blacken at base leaves yellow plant topples over. Cause Fungal and/or bacterial rots. Prevent with cultural practices Plant only in well-drained sites avoid crown or root injuries from careless digging. Keep winter mulch away from crowns to prevent rotting during dormancy. Remove affected plants and surrounding soil don t compost them. 

The extent of H2S release by plants as the result of sulfate reduction is another unknown flux in the sulfur cycle. Relatively rapid reduction of sulfate and thiosulfate to HjS by a thermophilic blue-green alga Synechococ-cus lividus isolated from a thermal spring in Yellowstone has been reported (Sheridan, 1966 Sheridan and Castenholz, 1968). Wilson et al. (1977) described light-dependent emission of H2S from leaves of a variety of plants at a maximum rate of 8 n mol min g (fresh-wei t) which they judged to be comparable to the activity associated with sulfate uptake. However, the emission was not a steady phenomenon and increased markedly with stresses of root injury, increases in light intensity and increased bisulfite or sulfate ion concentrations. Emissions with bisulfite solutions were higher than with sulfate solutions. 

Hartel PG, Reeder RE. 1993. Effects of drought and root injury on plant-generated CS2 emissions in soil. Plant and Soil 148 271-276. 

The mechanisms by which antibiotics exert their phytotoxic effects are for the most part unknown. There are doubtless many mechanisms. However, Brian (1957a) states that in the case of polymyxin this antibiotic appar tly disorganizes the cell membranes of surface root cells, possibly as a result of its marked surface activity, and the cell contents leak out. Whether other polypeptide antibiotics produce root injuries by the same mechanism is not known. 

Because of personal experience with iatrogenic L5 nerve root injury and iatrogenic cauda equina syndrome, during attempted anatomic reduction of L5 onto SI, the two stage procedure with L5 resection and reduction of L4 onto SI was developed in 1979 to avoid spinal lengthening (Fig. 5). 

A comprehensive set of practice parameters on the use of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain has been developed [42]. Indications include failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, peripheral neuropathic pain, phantom limb/post-amputation syndrome, recalcitrant PHN, root injury pain, and spinal cord injury or lesions. It also is being used in the management of pain associated with multiple sclerosis, pain due to ischemic peripheral vascular disease, and interstitial nephritis. 

Damage to epicuticular waxes Altered photosynthesis Increased water loss Accumulation of acidic anions Leaching of ions, sugars, etc. Mineral imbalances Altered metabolism Increased susceptibility to winter freezing injury Death of fine roots Destabilization of trees Reduced water/mineral uptake Reduced water uptake Cations leached below roots Accumulation of acidic anions Altered structure/texture Altered microflora Reduced litter decomposition Altered N transformations Solubilization of metal ions... 

Although seen only occasional during the first half of this century, winter injury of first-year red spruce needles has become an annual event in the coniferous montane forest area, resulting in the formation of red-brown first year needles that subsequently desiccate and are shed 20, 21). The loss of foliage reduces photosynthesis and the obligatory accumulation of carbohydrate in the twigs and root systems. There is some evidence that this phenomenon involves both natural and anthropogenic causal factors. 

Zhu Y, Jones G et al (2005) Lentivirus infection causes neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in dorsal root ganglia pathogenic effects of STAT-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol 175(2) 1118-1126... 

Zhu Y, Antony J et al (2006) CD8-t lymphocyte-mediated injury of dorsal root ganghon neurons during lentiviras infection CD 154-dependent ceU contact neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 26(13) 3396-3403 Zhu Y, Antony JM et al (2007) Didanosine causes sensory neuropathy in an HIV/AIDS animal model impaired mitochondrial and neurotrophic factor gene expression. Brain 130(Pt 8) 2011-2023... 

W. J. Horst, A. Wagner, and H. Marschner, Mucilage protects root meristems from aluminium injury. Z. Pflanzenphys. 105 435 (1982). 

SOr. However, lack of oxygen around roots alone is sufficient to induce injury... 

Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple spinal nerve roots. 

Allelopathy (root words ALLELON and PATHOS) is derived from Greek, "allelon" of each other and "pathos" to suffer - the injurious effect of one upon another. The subject matter of this symposiun covers that body of knowledge which concerns the production by one plant of chemicals that induce suffering in another and may also be called chemical pathogenesis. Although the evidence... 

In the early 19th Century, deCandolle (7j reported that root excretions of several plants were injurious to canton crop plants. His theory was challenged until Livingston (8j produced a convincing... 

Herbal remedies that have been reported to be he-patotoxic include chaparral (Larrea tridentata), germander (Teucrium chamaedrys), and life root (Senecio aureus) [18]. Cases reported patients developing jaundice, fatigue, pruritus, markedly elevated serum liver enzyme levels, severe cholestasis, hepatitis, and hepatocellular injury or necrosis documented by serial liver biopsies [19-21]. Signs and symptoms may occur as early as 3 weeks to as late as 7 months following ingestion [20,21]. 

When organizations focus on the root causes of worker injuries, it is helpful to analyze the manner in which workplace fatalities occur (see Figure 1-4). Although the emphasis of this book is the prevention of chemical-related accidents, the data in Figure 1-4 show that safety programs need to include training to prevent injuries resulting from transportation, assaults, mechanical and chemical exposures, and fires and explosions. 

Terri was a stranger to her Indian heritage in her youth. While visiting a pueblo for the first time as a young adult, she felt a kinship with the Indians, which she could not express. Today her Indian roots shape her life and soul, providing her with healing rituals that help her to cope with her illness. She is an internationally known investigative reporter of chemical injury in the Native American community. 

Rice Water Weevil (Lissorhoptrus simplex). Isely and Schwardt (16) who worked with this insect from 1930 to 1933, inclusive, state, The rice water weevil is the most important insect pest of rice in Arkansas. It seems likely that this statement also applies to most of the other rice-producing areas of the southern states. Although the adult weevils feed to a considerable extent on rice leaves, the principal injury is caused by the larvae feeding on the rice roots. Under conditions of heavy infestations practically all the roots are destroyed approximately 4 to 5 weeks from the time of the first flooding of the fields. Normally, even under such conditions, the rice is not killed and when the larvae have matured and ceased feeding, the plants produce a new set of roots and will still produce a crop. The severe setback given the plants during this period naturally results in a marked reduction in yield. 

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