Freezing injury

In 1950, Audrey Smith and Christopher Polge in Mill Hill, England, discovered that compounds like glycerol in molar concentrations can reduce or eliminate slow freezing injury in sperm and other cells. The story of how they made the discovery is a nice illustration of serendipity. Although repeatedly failing to preserve the... 

Beckmann, J., Korber, C.H., Rau, G., Hubei, A., Carvalho, E.G. (1990). Redefining cooling rate in terms of ice front velocity and thermal gradient First evidence of relevance to freezing injury of lymphocytes. Cryobiol. 27,279-287. 

Fujikawa, S. Miura, K. (1986). Plasma membrane ultrastructural changes caused by mechanical stress in the formation of extracellular ice as a primary cause of slow freezing injury in fhiit-bodies of basidiomycetes (Lyophyllum ulmarium [Fr.J KOhner). Cryobiol. 23,371-382. 

Mazur, P. (1977b). Slow-freezing injury in mammalian cells. In The Freezing of Mammalian Embryos. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 52 (Elliott, K. Whelan, J., eds.), pp. 19-42, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Mazur, P. Cole, K.W. (1988). Contact between shrunken red cells as a factor in freezing injury. Cryobiol. 25, 510-511 (abstract). 

Meryman, H.T. (1970). The exceeding of a minimum tolerable cell volume in hypertonic suspension as a cause of freezing injury. In The Frozen Cell, Ciba Foundation Symposium (Wolstenholme, G.E.W. O Connor, M., eds.), pp. 51-64, Churchill, London. 

Nei, T. (1981). Mechanism of freezing injury to erythrocytes Effect of initial cell concentration on the post-thaw hemolysis. Cryobiol. 18, 229-237. 

Damage to epicuticular waxes Altered photosynthesis Increased water loss Accumulation of acidic anions Leaching of ions, sugars, etc. Mineral imbalances Altered metabolism Increased susceptibility to winter freezing injury Death of fine roots Destabilization of trees Reduced water/mineral uptake Reduced water uptake Cations leached below roots Accumulation of acidic anions Altered structure/texture Altered microflora Reduced litter decomposition Altered N transformations Solubilization of metal ions... 

Ikeda, 1. (1982). Freezing injury and protection of citrus in Japan. In Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress, vol. 2, ed. P.H. Li A. Sakai, pp. 575-89. London Academic Press. 

Meryman, H. T. The Minimum Cell Volume modes of freezing injury. Nature 218, p. 333, 1968 und International Institute of Refrigeration <1IR> (Comm. X, p. 897-900, Washington... 

Ta, L.E., Dionne, R.A., Fricton, J.R., Hodges, J., Kajander, K C. SYM-2081 a kainate receptor antagonist reduces allodynia and hyperalgesia in a freeze injury model of neuropathic pain, Brain Res. 2000, 858, 106-120. 

Freezing injury (all plants) increased frost tolerance... 

Steponkus, P.L. (1984). Role of the plasma membrane in freezing injury and cold acclimation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 35, 543-84. 

Meryman, FLT. The >minimum cell volume< modes of freezing injury. Nature 218, 333,1968, and International 1.30 Institute of Refrigeration (HR) (Comm. 

Uemura, M. and Yoshida, S., Studies on freezing injury in plant cells, Plant Physiol., 80, 187-195, 1986. 

In general, intracellular freezing induced with extracellular ice crystal initiates around -5°C and most freezable water freezes by the time the cells reach -20°C. Thus, freezing injury of the cells should be concentrated in this temperature region. On the other hand, water molecules cannot endure in a supercooled state under —40°C even if there is no seeding of ice crystals. This suggests that reduction of cell viability is restricted to temperatures above -40°C. The results shown in Figure 9, also support this conjecture. 

T. Nei and T. Matxusaka, Freezing injury to aerated and nonaerated cultures of Escherichia coli, in Freezing and Drying of Microorganisms (T. Nei, ed.) University of Tokyo Press, 1969, pp. 3-15. 

Roots with jagged cracks. Causes Freezing injury uneven soil moisture cavity spot. Temperatures below 30°F cause cracked roots with a water-soaked appearance. Protect roots with mulch before temperatures fall. 

Curds will also turn brown in response to cold and freezing injury. Protect cauliflower heads with row cover below 45°E... 

Helium is nontoxic at normal temperature and pressure. The primary concern is its ability to displace oxygen in the air. Oxygen content must remain above 19% by volume in order to prevent symptoms of oxygen deficiency. At extremely low temperatures, a clinical case of quick freeze injury to both hands due to helium was reported. The exposed individual was wearing protective gloves which, upon rapid removal after exposure, reduced the depth and severity of the injury. Skin contact with liquid helium can cause frostbite. 

Storage Changes and Subcellular Freezing Injuries in Recalcitrant Araucaria angustifolia Embryos... 

As 64% of the total water in the apical meristems of embryos in recently collected seeds was freezable, freezing injuries are able to occur, the extent of damage being cooling-rate dependent. In fact, both LM and TEM revealed different degrees of cellular injuries in the apical meristems of frozen embryos (Figures 42.3 and 42.4). 

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