Spinal roots

This involves considerable art, which must be learned in the clinic. It falls into two divisions (1) surface application to the mucous membranes, especially of the eye, nose, throat, and urethra and (2) injections about nerves, in different parts of their course and distribution, from their spinal roots to their ultimate fibrils. The advantages and disadvantages in comparison with general anesthesia and the selection of the local anesthetic agent also depend on clinical discrimination. Nervous, fearful, and excitable patients often suffer severely from apprehension, which also disposes toward accidents. They may be at least somewhat quieted by sedatives, morphine (0.015 g hypodermically) half an hour before the operation, or by barbiturates. The latter also tend to prevent convulsions. 

Helix-electrodes contact peripheral nerves on a small area due to their open structure. They consist of a silicone rubber substrate with one or two embedded platinum wire electrodes (Fig. 1). They were developed at the Huntington Medical Research Institute (HMRI) in a monopolar and a bipolar version [17]. The latest versions have been applied in paralyzed people at the sacral spinal roots for micturition control and incontinence. Their advantage can be seen in the self-sizing properties due to the spiral structures when the nerve is affected by edematous swelling after the implantation trauma. 

A common form of electrodes in clinical use are the book electrodes for urinary bladder stimulation. The prototype was introduced in 1972 by G.S. Brindley [28] (Fig. 3) to contact the anterior sacral spinal roots. The devices consist of a silicone rubber block with four slots. In each slot, three platinum foil electrodes were embedded, each of which can be addressed independently. 

Hadden RD, Gregson NA, Gold R, Smith KJ, Hughes RA. Accumulation of immunoglobulin across the blood-nerve barrier in spinal roots in adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune neuritis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002 28(6) 489-97. 

The PNS is defined as that part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord (Figure 30.1). As such, the PNS includes the cranial nerves, dorsal and ventral spinal roots, spinal nerves and their branches, and ganglia. The primary function of the PNS is to convey sensory and motor information, including informa-... 

Murata K, Nishio A, Nishikawa M, Ohinata Y, Sakaguchi M, Nishimura S. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal root injury caused by acupuncture needle— case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1990 30(12) 956-9. 

Schwannoma Verocay bodies Antoni A and B thin pericellular basement membrane S-1 00 (-I-) Leu7 type IV collagen GFAP (R) Eighth cranial nerve spinal roots PNS... 

Neurofibroma Multiple cell types spread axons Neurofilament (R) EMA S-100 (+) Leu7 Spinal root PNS cranial nerve... 

Wu, W., and Li, L. (1993). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces motoneurons death due to spinal root avulsion. Neurosci. Lett. 153, 121-124. 

Histologically, a diffuse, symmetrical, extensive demyelination is seen. There may be almost complete lack of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (Jervis 1960) with the exception, in most cases, of some U-fibers and of myelin sheaths within the central grey nuclei and the optic radiation. Demyelination is most marked in the internal capsule and pyramidal tracts spinal roots and peripheral nerves are involved to a lesser degree (Jacobi 1947 Bertrand et al. 1954). There may be partial loss, or in the center of involved regions, complete loss of axis cylinders. In the periphery of demyelinized areas they may be swollen and terminally distended (Hollander and Pilz 1964). The axis cylinders of U-fibers are, in general, well preserved. Small inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrates may be seen perivascularly. 

The nervous system of hamsters infected orally with scrapie has been studied extensively for the temporal-spatial course of PrP deposition in the brain (for review see ). After centripetally reaching the spinal cord, subsequent centrifugal spread of PrP deposition proceeds to the corresponding afferent dorsal root ganglia (DRG), where the protein can first be detected 76 days postinfection in half of the examined hamsters (Figure 11.2). The DRG are nodules on a dorsal spinal root that contain the cell bodies of afferent nerve fibers, some of the largest cells in the mammalian body. 

In addition to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, bovine spinal roots and sciatic nerve contain both A -acetyl- and A-glycolyl-neuraminic acids. Two new gangliosides, provisionally named Gsa and Gsb, have been found in ox brain. Ganglioside Gsa has a neutral... 

Chordata (Vertebrata) Cards Ventral spinal roots 23-48... 

By the spinal accessory nerve which is formed by the spinal roots (upper 5 cervical ventral roots) they ascend through the foremen magnus, to exit through the jugular foremen, after joining the cranial roots. 

Ox intradural spinal root myelin Rat brain synaptic plasma membranes... 

London, Y., 1972, Preparation of purified myelin from ox intradural spinal roots by rate-isopycnic zonal centrifugation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 282 195. 

O Brien, J. S., Sampson, E. L., and Stem, M. B., 1967, Lipid composition of myelin from the peripheral nervous system intradural spinal roots, /. Neurochem. 14 357. 

In its early stages, the tumour usually erodes the bone causing only local or radiating pain. Later on compression causes symptoms of cranial nerve, spinal root, medullary or spinal cord lesion. 

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