Roof monitoring

Figure 13.37 is a plot of relative roof monitor opacity as a function of fume hood suction. 

Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources—SPADNS zirconium lake method Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources—specific ion electrode method Determination of fluoride emissions from potroom roof monitors for primary aluminum plants Determination of total fluoride emissions from selected sources at primary aluminum production facflities Determination of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide emissions from stationary sources Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from sulfur recovery plants in petroleum refineries Semicontinuous determination of sulfur emissions from stationary sources Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary sources (impinger technique)... 

Measured during dynamometer tests following the modified Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Roof monitoring at inspection station. 

There are several technologies of linear heat detectors, most designed to monitor air temperature and a few that detect radiant heat. This type of detection is wire or plastic tubing and can be used where other types of detectors are difficult to install. Generally, they are used to supplement other forms of detection in difficult areas, such as heavily congested areas, rim area of floating roof tanks, on pumps, etc. Linear types can be pneumatic, electrical, or optical. Electrical linear heat detectors come in three types that ... 

Fixed monitor nozzles can be considered as the primary means of protection for fixed-roof tanks up to 60 ft (18 m) in diameter. Foam hand lines should not be considered as the primary means of protection for fixed-roof tanks over 30 ft (9 m) in diameter or those over 20 ft (6 m) in height. 

Aerosol for chemical analysis was sampled in the air monitoring trailer through a 1.3 cm ID stainless steel pipe. The air inlet was about 1 m above the roof of the trailer, a total of 4 m above the ground. Loss of 0.1 pm diameter particles to the walls due to turbulent diffusion was calculated to be less than 1% using the method of Friedlander (11). A cyclone preseparator (12) was used to separate the coarse (D > 2 pm) aerosol from the airstream so that only the fine (D <2 pm) aerosol would be collected for analysis. The cyclone was operated at 26-30 liters per minute (1pm) and was cleaned every 8-10 weeks. 

Active sampling has always been preferred in traditional air pollution studies because a substance can be concentrated on a particular substrate and because continuous measurements can be taken. These samplers have been placed at fixed monitoring sites on a roof or in a trailer (4). The use of active sampling, however, has not been without problems. For instance, the use of substrates such as filters and sorbents can affect the measured concentration by artifact formation, breakthrough, and blow-off associated with individual compounds or classes (22). 

Monitors have a long, specialized tongue with a bifurcated tip that is highly sensitive to smell and taste. The tongue is extended to pick up scent chemicals, and is then retracted into the mouth where the scents are analyzed using an organ on the roof of the mouth. 

FIGURE 4-33 A wet-dry atmospheric deposition collector commonly used for acid deposition monitoring. The roof over the wet bucket opens only when precipitation is sensed, thereby minimizing the collection of debris, bird droppings, etc. The dry bucket for collecting dry deposition is not a very close approximation to natural surfaces and yields results of uncertain meaning. 

Of equal importance, there was no increase in refractory cost. The roof, flue, and curtain wall temperatures were closely monitored during the initial operation. No increase in the temperature of the monitoring thermocouples was noted. Inspection of the furnace refractory during a normally scheduled shutdown showed no signs of abnormal refractory wear. 

While in other countries all aspects of GLP monitoring can be assembled under the roof of one single GLP Monitoring Authority, there are still others who make use of the possibility of combining GLP Compliance Monitoring further with the monitoring activities in the area of other quality systems, like accreditation or ISO. 

Pure ethylene oxide for use in conjunction with a diluent gas and 20 80 mixtures of ethylene oxide are potentially explosive all electrical equipment, switchgear, and monitoring and measuring systems used in association with these forms of the sterilant must be sparkproof. Serious consideration should be given to the location and design of gas stores and sterilization suites in relation to other areas within a factory, in relation to other factory buildings, and in relation to the local community. Blow-out roofs, windows, and walls are commonly installed with the intention of channelling the shock waves from an explosion in the direction of least harm. 

Pig. 8-22. Comparative construction costs for similar buildings as affected by variations in fenestration and roof structure, (a) Continuous wall sash and flat roof, 100 per cent ( ) continuous wall sash and monitor, 109 per cent (c) continuous wall sash and saw teeth, 111 per cent (d) no sash except vision panels, 105 per cent. Courtesy ofG, A, Bryant, Chem, Eng., 54(5) 115 (1947).]... 

The first source is installed in the secondary beam lines (H6) from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). A proton beam is stopped in a copper target, 7 cm in diameter and 50 cm in lei jh. These roof-shields produce almost uniform radiation fields over two areas of 2 x 2 m, each divided into 16 squares of 50x50 cm. Each element of these grids represents a reference exposure location. The intensity of the primary beam is monitored by an air-filled, precision ionisation chamber (PIC) at atmospheric pressure. One PIC-count corresponds to 2.2 x 10 particles (error 10%) impii ng on the target. Typical values of dose equivalent rates are 1-2 nSv per PIC-count on top of die 40 cm iron roof-shield and 0.3 nSv per PIC-count outside the 80 cm concrete shields (roof and side). Behind the 80 cm concrete shield, the neutron spectrum has a second pronounced maximum at about 70 MeV and resembles the high-energy component of the radiation field created by cosmic rays at commercial flight altitude. ... 

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