Total reduced sulfur

AH vapors, including hotweH odors, are captured in a header system linked with the incineration air of a steam boiler or hot oil vaporizer. Drain seals avoid escape of odors from the sewer lines. This completely eliminates total reduced sulfur (TRS) emissions. The SO2 emissions are subject to local regulations. 

Some variants of best practicable means are spelled out in the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1977. One is the requirement that best available control technology (BACT) for a specific pollutant be employed on new "major sources" that are to be located in an area that has attained the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for that pollutant. BACT is also required for pollutants for which there is no NAAQS [e.g., total reduced sulfur (TRS), for which emission limits are specified by a Federal New Source Performance Standard (NSPS)]. BACT must be at least as stringent as NSPS but is determined on a case-by-case basis. 

Note TRS, total reduced sulfur VOC, volatile organic carbon F, fluorides. 

HC, hydrocarbons TRS, total reduced sulfur TS, total sulfur NO total oxides of nitrogen, but system may be specific for NO, NO2, or both. 

Figure 1.92. Dependence of the ratio /a i- on pH under the condition.s temperature = 150°C, ionic strength = 1, ES = 0.01 mol/kg HjO, ESe = 10" mol/kg H2O, and ES = Emr (total reduced sulfur content). (1) H2S-H2Se region, (2) H2S-HSe region, (3) HS -HSe region, (4) S -HSe region and (5) S2--Se - region (Shikazono, 1978b).

Fig. 2.44. logaoi-pH range.s for Kuroko ore fluid.s and midoceanic ridge hydrothermal. solution. I Kuroko 2 Axial Explorer 3 2I°N, Southern Juan de Fuca 4 2I°N, Endeavour 5 Guaymas. Temperature = 250°C, ESr (total reduced sulfur concentration) = 6.6 x 10 m. HM hematite, MT magnetite, PY pyrite, PO pyrrhotite. Dotted line Au solubility (ppm) (Shikazono, 1988). 

Power boilers at pulp and paper mills are sources of particulate emissions, S02, and NOx. Pollutants emitted from chemical recovery boilers include S02 and total reduced sulfur compounds (TRS). 

The two main sources of air pollutants that may be emitted from basic wastewater treatment plant operations are pulping condensates and bleach plant effluent. The pulping condensates may include total reduced sulfur (TRS) compounds as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as methanol. The primary pollutants of concern for the bleach plant effluent are chloroform and methanol. Any volatile compounds that could be released as air emissions from basic wastewater treatment plant operations are relatively minor and are generally not subject to specific regulation.65-66... 

Marttila et al. (1995) also examined the relationship between daily exposure to malodorous sulfur compounds (measured as total reduced sulfur [TRS]) from pulp production and experience of symptoms in a small population living in the vicinity of a pulp mill. The major components of the malodorous sulfur compounds are hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and methyl sulfides. This work was initiated due to the observation that an unusually high short-term exposure to malodorous sulfur compounds (maximum 4-hour concentrations of hydrogen sulfide at 135 g/m3 [96 ppb]) led to a considerable increase in the occurrence of ocular, respiratory, and neuropsychological symptoms (Haahtela et al. 

PEL Pg pmol PHS PMR ppb ppm ppt REL RfD RTECS sec SCE SIC SIR SMR STEL STORET TLV TSCA TRI TRS TWA u.s. UF yr WHO wk permissible exposure limit picogram picomole Public Health Service proportionate mortality ratio parts per billion parts per million parts per trillion recommended exposure limit Reference Dose Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances second sister chromatid exchange Standard Industrial Classification Standardized incidence ratio standard mortality ratio short term exposure limit STORAGE and RETRIEVAL threshold limit value Toxic Substances Control Act Toxics Release Inventory total reduced sulfur time-weighted average United States uncertainty factor year World Health Organization week... 

Iliuta, M.C. and Larachi, P., Solubility of Total Reduced Sulfurs (Hydrogen Sulfide, Methyl Mercaptan, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl Disulfide) in Liquids, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, 2 (2007)... 

Chemical (Kraft) pulping. Air Total reduced sulfur (hydrogen... 

Hisham, M. W. M., and D. Grosjean, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Total Reduced Sulfur, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, and Photochemical Oxidants in Southern California Museums, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 1497-1505 (1991b). 

An experimental design was applied to study which variables determined the measurement of total reduced sulfur species in natural waters and sediments. Then, a simplex optimisation of relevant variables was made... 

In the solar evaporation ponds, salinities in the cores reached almost four times oceanic values. In these cores the concentration profile of bimane sulfide with depth also tracked that of methylene blue sulfide and bimane total reduced sulfur tracked DTNB. However, the difference between the bimane method and the other two methods is unacceptably large and suggests that there was some inhibition of the bimane reaction. Pore water samples which were diluted to normal seawater salinity with 200 mM HEPES buffer pH 8 were not inhibited. Dilution will of course lead to a loss of sensitivity for trace thiols. Another factor which can effect the yield of the bimane reaction is the unusual... 

The other major reactant in Equation 1 is sulfate (SO42 ). Sulfate concentrations are highly variable in lake waters, from 3 x 10 5 mol/L in soft-water lakes in crystalline-rock drainage basins to 1.6 mol/L in hypersaline lakes (2.). In productive, freshwater lakes, sulfate reduction typically goes nearly to completion (5.). As sulfate concentrations increase, amounts of organic matter eventually become insufficient for complete sulfate reduction to occur. This is the case in "normal" marine sediment where a linear relation between total reduced sulfur and organic-carbon concentrations is observed. Sea-water sulfate concentration is 0.028 mol/L and the ratio of total reduced sulfur to organic-carbon concentrations (often referred to as S/C) in marine sediment is 0.33 ( ). ... 

Solid phase chemical analyses included determination of total organic C content, and the distribution of S between iron monosulfides (acid-volatile sulfur or AVS) and pyrite (the difference between total reducible sulfur and AVS). Total organic carbon was measured coulometrically following combustion at 1050°C (7). Acid-volatile sulfur and total reducible sulfur analyses followed the procedure of Canfield et al. (8). A microbiological assay of the abundance of sulfate reducing bacteria was performed according to (9). 

Elemental sulfur and thiosulfate are rarely measured due to difficulties of the analytical technique [42], Such measurements completed in summer 1989, winter 1991 [43], and summer 2004 testify that these parameters are being formed as intermediate products or from hydrogen sulfide oxidation. Their concentrations in the upper part of the anoxic layer were about 1-7 p,M. Directly at the density of hydrogen sulfide onset, elemental sulfur is the dominant form of these three species (about 50-80% of total reduced sulfur) [43]. A step of sharp decrease in concentrations of elemental sulfur and thiosulfate to about 0.5-1 jlM is usually observed about 3-5 m higher than the hydrogen sulfide onset. Volkov et al. [43] noted that the distributions of reduced sulfur forms were more pronounced in summer than in winter. 

Communities near pulp mills Inhalation Mean annual total reduced sulfur concentrations 2-3 pg/ m 24-b average concentration 0-56 pg/ rtP, maximum 1-h concentration 155 pg/ m1 Daily Reported increased incidence of respiratory system symptoms (irritation, cough) and CNS symptoms (headache and migraine) significant increase only for headache and migraine. Communities exposed to relatively high concentrations of other malodorous sulfur compounds. Partti-Pellinin et al. 1996 (South Karelia Air Pollution Study)... 

DeSouza, T. L. C., Bhatia, S. P. Development of calibration systems for measuring total reduced sulfur and sulfur dioxide in ambient concentrations in the parts per billion range. AnaL Chem. 48, 2234 (1976)... 

TRS (total reduced sulfur) continuous emission monitoring systems for stationary... 

---