Refractory furnace

Fig. 1. Main types of electric furnaces (a) resistance furnace, indirect heat (resistor furnace) (b) resistance furnace, direct heat (c) arc furnace (d) induction furnace. A, charge to be heated or melted B, refractory furnace lining C, electric power supply D, resistors E, electrodes F, electric arc G,...

The first step in the production of synthesis gas is to treat natural gas to remove hydrogen sulfide. The purified gas is then mixed with steam and introduced to the first reactor (primary reformer). The reactor is constructed from vertical stainless steel tubes lined in a refractory furnace. The steam to natural gas ratio varies from 4-5 depending on natural gas composition (natural gas may contain ethane and heavier hydrocarbons) and the pressure used. 

Carbon black produced by the thermal decomposition of natural gas or atomised oil in a pre-heated refractory furnace where the fuel is cracked into carbon and hydrogen. The process is cyclic, two furnaces being used as one production unit, one furnace being heated up as the other is producing. 

Acid refractory furnace linings, 12 300 Acid resistant nanofiltration membranes, 21 635t... 

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is used for light bulb filaments, for cladding metals to protect them from corrosion, in making adhesives, and as a high-temperature lining for refractory furnaces. 

Niobium silicide (NbSi ) is used as a lining for high-temperature refractory furnaces. 

Hafnium oxide (HfO ) Resists heat and corrosion, making it an ideal lining for refractory furnaces. 

Fig. 1. Schematic of continuous smelter for porcelain enamel glass production where A is a raw batch hopper B, batch hopper mixer C, screw feeder D, refractory furnace E, burner for gas and air (oxygen) F, spout G, water-cooled rollers for quenching glass H, finger breakers to break glass ribbon I, horizontal vibratory conveyer J, hammer mill K, vertical vibratory conveyer L, surge bin M, rotary magnetic separator N, product container O, exhaust...

Slag is the product of reaction between fluxing materials and a refractory furnace lining116... 

A1 Steel, pig iron, cast iron, ferro alloys, ores, slags, refractories, furnace dust,... 

Various manufacturing processes are employed for the production of different gi of carbon black (Medalia and Rivin, 1976). The most important is the oil fur process, in which petroleum residue is subjected to partial combustion and crac in a refractory furnace. Colloidal carbon is produced in the form of a hot smo] small globular particles, which on cooling undergo aggregation to give bran chain-like structures. 

According to their chemical composition, fireclay products belong to the clay ceramic materials. However, their preferred utilization for refractory furnace linings makes it more reasonable to discuss them with the other refractory products. 

Wulff process. Production of acetylene by treating a hydrocarbon gas with superheated steam in a regenerative type of refractory furnace at 1148-1371C. Contact times are very short. Acety-... 

Use (Unstabilized) Production of piezoelectric crystals, high-frequency induction coils, colored ceramic glazes, special glasses, source of zirconium metal, heat-resistant fibers, (hydrous) odor absorbent, to cure dermatitis caused by poison ivy. (Stabilized with CaO refractory furnace linings, crucibles, solid electrolyte for batteries operating at high temperature. 

Mass burn Refractory furnace lining Various grate or stationary hearth designs Old or small facilities... 

Synthetic gas can be produced from a variety of feedstocks. Natural gas is the preferred feedstock when it is available from gas fields (nonassociated gas) or from oil wells (associated gas). The first step in the production of synthesis gas is to treat natural gas to remove hydrogen sulfide. The purified gas is then mixed with steam and introduced to the first reactor (primary reformer). The reactor is constructed from vertical stainless steel tubes lined in a refractory furnace. The steam to natural gas ratio is 4—5 depending on natural gas composition (natural gas may contain ethane and heavier hydrocarbons) and the pressure used. A promoted nickel-type catalyst contained in the reactor tubes is used at temperature and pressure ranges of 700 800°C and 30—50 atm, respectively. The product gas from the primary reformer is a mixture of H2, CO, C02, unreacted CH4, and steam. The main reforming reactions are ... 

Mullite 600,0001 is used each year for refractory furnace blocks. 

For flame types, see fig. 6.2.) Unlike crucible, pot, kettle, and dip-tank furnaces, the refractory furnace lining itself is the container for glass tanks and aluminum melting furnaces, figure 1.2. 

With this LNI technology, essentially all combustion takes place in the furnace chamber where refractory, furnace gases, and product all receive radiation from the combustion reaction, lowering the flame temperature. In addition, the combustion air and the fuel are supplied at high velocity and separated from each other to inspirate furnace gases into their individual streams without purposely discharging the streams into each other. The reasons for so doing are ... 

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