Testing, dynamometer

A. E. Anderson and co-workers, "Asbestos Emissions from Brake Dynamometer Tests," SAE PaperNo. 730549, SAE, New York, May 1973. 

These laboratory tests may be followed by engine dynamometer tests (BS5117 Section 2.4 1985(1989)) and finally by road tests in working vehicles (BS 5117 Part 2 Section 2.5 1985 (1989)), thus completing the sequence of laboratory, field, service testing. 

FIG, 2—Engine Dynamometer Test Equipment. This is the third step in a comprehensive four-step evaluation program, consisting of glassware, simulated service, engine dynamometer, and vehicle testing. 

Wang, W. G., N. N. Clark, D. W. Lyons, R. M. Yang, M. Gautani, R. M. Bata, and J. L. Loth, Emissions Comparisons from Alternative Fuel Buses and Diesel Buses with a Chassis Dynamometer Testing Facility, Environ. Sci. Technol, 31, 3132-3137 (1997). 

Pelkmans L, Debal P (2006) Comparison of on-road emissions with emissions measured on chassis dynamometer test cycles. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 11 233-241... 

The EPA has proposed an enhanced IM program that would require a dynamometer test under varying engine loads, would test evaporative emissions, and would raise the repair cost limit substantially. The enhanced IM program still has some serious defects. Most notably, it lacks the necessary components of significant on-road, in situ, remote sensing to validate the emission reductions and to catch cars that have been tampered with between inspections. 

Peterson, C. L., Taberski, J. S., Thompson, J. C., and Chase, L. 2000. The Effect of Biodiesel Feedstock on Regulated Emissions in Chassis Dynamometer Tests of a Pickup Truck. Trans. ASAE, 43,1371-1381. 

Phase I—Chassis Dynamometer Tests. A 1.3-L engine equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and complete drive system was calibrated to meet 1974 emissions standards using Indolene reference fuel. This standardized apparatus was then used in conjunction with the federal emissions test procedure to evaluate the performance of methanol/gasoline blends. Results of the single cylinder test program and preliminary evaluations with the chassis dynamometer system indicated that blends should be limited to 10% methanol or less to avoid drive-ability and other problems. A complete discussion of the apparatus and test procedures is given in Ref. 9. 

The results of the chassis dynamometer test program are presented in Figures 12 and 13. For the base fuels tested, the most notable change is the decrease in CO emissions. A nominal reduction of 30% is obtained by adding 10% methanol to the base unleaded gasoline. This reduction has also been noted by Wigg and Lunt (11) and by Brinkman et al. (12). 

Figure 16, Chassis dynamometer test results Indo-lene-30 base fuel...

The back pressure was measured for two different preconverter assemblies (all catalyzed) in a chassis dynamometer test [4-liter, 6-cylinder engine with port fuel injection (PFI)]. Both preconverters had identical outside dimensions and catalyst loading but different cell structures. The back pressure, measured with the aid of H2O monometers, is summarized in Table 20. The differences in back pressure across the two preconverters are attributed to both the back pressure parameter and the frictional drag of catalyzed... 

Table 20 Back Pressure Data for Two Different Preconverters During Chassis Dynamometer Test 50 miles/hr ...

Typical emission factors for metals cannot be derived from baseline characterization of auto exhaust by dynamometer tests, as performed by EPA, since attempts are made to keep variability of additives, oils, and lubricants to a minimum. Emphasis is placed rather on the eflFect of emissions as a function of variations in operating conditions. The data cited in Table X reflect this because test cycles identified as FTP, HWFET, and CFS differ significantly in the average speed (19.9, 49.9, and 35.0 mph, respectively) and in the extent of variability in operating mode (acceleration, deceleration, and cruise). 

With respect to contributions of other mobile sources to the atmospheric burden of trace metals, very few data are available. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1974 published calculated annual average ambient concentrations at or near airports of 49 trace elements attributable to aircraft most values were less than numbers. Of interest, however, are the estimates for the environmentally important metals, titanium, vanadium, and cadmium these were given as 24 ng/m , 0.12 ng/m and < 14 ng/m , respectively (56). EflForts to characterize aircraft emissions and to develop emissions factors by means of dynamometer tests are under way. One such experiment is being performed at Pratt and Whitney under contract to the Environmental Protection Agency results from this study should be available in mid-1978 (57). 

NVH As mentioned in the section on Tribology, some braking energy is converted into vibration and sound energy. Just as in the tests used for wear characterization, several dynamometer and vehicle tests have been developed to characterize the NVH-generating tendency of brake systems. Dynamometer tests are conducted with the brake corner or a whole vehicle mounted in a controlled environmental chamber. 

TGA/DSC Delaminations Contamination Dispersion Dynamometer tests SAE J661, FAST, full scale Chemical composition as needed Pyrolytic gas chromatography Infrared analysis X-ray diffraction TGA/DSC Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) SEM... 

Figure 111. Emission of aldehydes, acrolein and various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of two passenger cars equipped with an IDI/NA and with a DI/NA diesel engine, once without and once with a diesel oxidation catalyst, in the US-FTP 75 vehicle test cycle (monolith catalyst with 62 cells cm dedicated diesel washcoat formulation with a platinum loading of 1.76 g 1 in the fresh state vehicle dynamometer tests according to the US-FTP 75 vehicle test procedure, with passenger cars equipped with a DI/NA and with an IDI/NA diesel engine of displacement 2.0 1). Reprinted with permission from ref [70], 1990 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Figure 112. Emission of particulate matter of a heavy duty diesel engine without and with a diesel catalyst, in the US transient engine test cycle (monolith catalyst with 62 cells cm" dedicated diesel catalyst formulation, in the fresh state heavy duty DI/TCI diesel engine with six cylinders and an engine displacement of 6 1, in the US transient engine cycle on an engine dynamometer test with the US-D2 diesel fuel containing 0.036 wt % sulfur).

The improvements, aimed at a >60-Whkg system, have to date resulted in EV battery prototypes with specific energies close to 50Whkg at C/3. Their dynamometer tested range is, at best, some 20% higher than that of the Pb-A EV prototypes. 

Fig 2 Ageing Cycle for Dynamometer Tests Reprinted with permission c 1985 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc... 

Perform chassis dynamometer tests under steady-state conditions, and road tests to evaluate fuel consumption and drivability. 

Measured during dynamometer tests following the modified Federal Test Procedure (FTP). fcRoof monitoring at inspection station. 

This same type of lead distribution is depicted more quantitatively in Figure 5 by the EPM line scans for lead in the washcoat of a monolithic catalyst that had been subjected to 200 hrs of engine dynamometer testing using ashless oil and fuel containing 0.06g Pb/gal and 350 ppm sulfur. The scanning was done through the washcoat cross section at... 

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