Super protons

The remarkable ease of Me3Si+ transfer, which has gained the Me3Si+ ion the term super proton 108, has been exploited in the use of trimethylsilyl azide, Me3SiN3, as a nucleophile to probe gaseous carbenium ions. Nucleophilic attack by the azide end followed by Me3Si+ transfer yields neutral products that may be used to characterize the R+ ion of interest (equation 40, where Nu is a nucleophile)109. 

Trimethylsilyl and other silyl groups stabilize a positive charge on a 3 carbon and are lost very easily. They can be thought of as very reactive protons or super protons . 

The calorimeter was set up at the H4 beamline of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN and was tested with beams of protons, pions, electrons, and muons with energies between 15 and 350 GeV Plewnia et al 2004. Protons and pions could not be distinguished, they are treated as hadrons, as in the air shower experiment. To identify electrons, a lead plate (15 mm thick, corresponding to three radiation lengths) has been placed in front of the first layer of ionization chambers and the signal in this chambers was used to select primary electrons. Contaminations of muons and pions in the electron beam could be efficiently rejected. 

The first source is installed in the secondary beam lines (H6) from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). A proton beam is stopped in a copper target, 7 cm in diameter and 50 cm in lei jh. These roof-shields produce almost uniform radiation fields over two areas of 2 x 2 m, each divided into 16 squares of 50x50 cm. Each element of these grids represents a reference exposure location. The intensity of the primary beam is monitored by an air-filled, precision ionisation chamber (PIC) at atmospheric pressure. One PIC-count corresponds to 2.2 x 10 particles (error 10%) impii ng on the target. Typical values of dose equivalent rates are 1-2 nSv per PIC-count on top of die 40 cm iron roof-shield and 0.3 nSv per PIC-count outside the 80 cm concrete shields (roof and side). Behind the 80 cm concrete shield, the neutron spectrum has a second pronounced maximum at about 70 MeV and resembles the high-energy component of the radiation field created by cosmic rays at commercial flight altitude. ... 

CERN (Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire) The European Laboratory for Particle Physics, formerly known as the European Organization for Nuclear Research, which is situated close to Geneva in Switzerland and is supported by a number of European nations. It runs the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), which has a7-kilometre underground tunnel enabling protons to be accelerated to 400 GeV, and the Lai e Electron-Positron Collider (LEP), in which 50 GeV electron and positron beams are collided. The Large Hadron Collider began operation in September 2008. 

Dong B, Gwee L, Salas-de la Cruz D, Winey KI, Elabd YA (2010) Super proton conductive high-purity Nafion nanofibers . Nano Lett. 10 3785. 

IIS Beams were selected among vital LHC components, for their ability to prevent the injection and circulation of beams, and this, in parallel to the beam extraction system. The elements preventing injection are mobile absorber blocks, horizontal dipole magnet chains, and injection septa magnets. They are located in tunnels ensuring the beam transfer between the SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) accelerator and the LHC. In each injection tunnel, three IIS Beams define an interlock chain, named LHC2 chain and LHC8 chain, respectively. 

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