Fixed monitors

Provide an adequate number of fire hydrants for fixed monitors for drenching the stacks with water. Stack drums 2 m from any hydrants and leave clear access. 

Fixed Monitors Can be used to provide coverage to several hazard and then directed to specific incident occurring. Normally requires operator attendance for manual startup... 

The time required to apply adequate, reliable cooling from fixed water spray systems or fixed monitors, including response time for personnel to operate them. 

Fixed monitor nozzles can be considered as the primary means of protection for fixed-roof tanks up to 60 ft (18 m) in diameter. Foam hand lines should not be considered as the primary means of protection for fixed-roof tanks over 30 ft (9 m) in diameter or those over 20 ft (6 m) in height. 

The fire engulfed most of the catalyst preparation area. Also, the automatic deluge sprinkler coverage for this area had actuated, hut no water was available. The fire brigade tried to activate a fixed monitor, but again got no water flow. With the limited water supply from the plant fire engine available as a shield, the fire brigade members felt they could reach the lead outside operator. 

The local fire department arrivedjust after the explosion at 11 22 A.M. With the limited water supply on two of the fire trucks and the utilization of another fire truck to pump water directly from a nearby cooling water tower basin, the firemen were able to slow the fire spread. By 11 30 A.M., the Maintenance Department was able to transfer the set of batteries from the impaired diesel fire pump to the other diesel fire pump. On completion of this task, this diesel fire pump was started. The automatic deluge sprinkler protection was severely damaged by the fire/explosions and had to be valved into the off position. Three fixed monitors were turned onto lull flow and directed at the fire. Also, the firemen and fire brigade used two hose streams olF nearby fire hydrants for fire fighting purposes. At 11 58 A.M., the fire was under control. Final fire extinguishment was accomplished by 12 10 p.m. 

AM. Plant fire brigade reaches the emergency location. They see fire engulfing catalyst prep area (automatic deluge sprinkler had actuated, but no water was available) see the lead outside operator down about 40 feet from the catalyst prep area, find the injured (unidentified at that time) service contractor about 120 feet away, Plant fire brigade then tries to activate a fixed monitor, but no water flows, sends one brigade member to fire pump house to check pump status. 

Active sampling has always been preferred in traditional air pollution studies because a substance can be concentrated on a particular substrate and because continuous measurements can be taken. These samplers have been placed at fixed monitoring sites on a roof or in a trailer (4). The use of active sampling, however, has not been without problems. For instance, the use of substrates such as filters and sorbents can affect the measured concentration by artifact formation, breakthrough, and blow-off associated with individual compounds or classes (22). 

Resch et al. [39] summarise and discuss the whole chain from data retrieval, processing, analysis and visualisation. The general design and structure of such a chain is depicted in Fig. 2, starting with generalised sensors. These sensors can be traditional fixed monitors, but can also be mobile sensors installed on cars, ships or at short-term locations, for example on lampposts. These mobile or moveable sensors can be equipped with a geo-positioning system (GPS) to be employed in geo-information systems (GIS) (e.g. [40]). These applications have been made possible by miniaturisation of the GPS as well as the transfer of data by mobile phone systems. 

Limitation of the spatial representativity for fixed monitoring sites,... 

Questions about accuracy can also arise from the use of measurement data collected for one purpose that are used for another. For example, investigators and governments often rely on general area sampling of airborne contaminants from fixed monitoring stations in a metropolitan area as a proxy for exposures of individuals. However, numerous factors may affect the accuracy of this assumed relationship (e.g. the locations of the monitors, the mobility of the individuals with respect to the monitors over time, presence of other sources that affect the monitors but not the individuals, exposures of the individual in the workplace or elsewhere that are not picked up by the area monitors). 

Air sampling is of special interest. Usually fixed monitoring instruments are used for continuous routine monitoring in the vicinity of the installation. If a limit has been exceeded the cause must be traced and corrective measures must be taken immediately. 

The fixed monitor count used in the data collection is chosen to optimise its statistical errors. Spectra are accumulated over several hours or overnight (or longer) for weak samples. On FANS a good signal to noise spectrum from co 8 g of a typical organic compound can be recorded in about five hours (excluding the time to cool the sample ( 3.5.2)). The errors in INS spectroscopy are, as in infi ared, Raman and NMR, governed by Poisson statistics, so the error on a data point of n counts, is fn This tyranny of the square root requires the measurement time to double before the statistics improve by only V2. ... 

It is recommended to establish surveillance monitoring sites with fixed monitoring stations and automatic samplers allowing the collection of mixed samples. If not available, spot samples should be collected. Water level and flow should be recorded, as well as pH, conductivity and temperature. 

Villeneuve PJ, Burnett RT, Shi Y, Krewski D, Goldberg MS, Heitzman C, Chen Y, Brook J (2003) A time-series study of air pollution, socioeconomic status, and mortality in Vancouver, Canada. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13 427-435 Violante FS, Barbieri A, Curti S, Sanguinetti G, Graziosi F, Matdoli S (2006) Urban atmospheric pollution personal exposure versus fixed monitoring station measurements. Chemosphete 64 1722-1729... 

RIMNET. Radiation monitoring system comprising 93 fixed monitoring stations around the UK that provide identification of increased levels of... 

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