Risk elimination

Direct contact/soil Source has not been removed Risk is eliminated as long as Risk eliminated through Slight chance of future... 

Highly toxic air pollutants fall under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Unlike criteria pollutants, these hazardous air pollutants must be controlled to protect the public health with an "ample margin of safety." Implied in this language is the belief in a discrete threshold of exposure below which no effects occur and from which a safety margin can be measured. Subsequent interpretations, however, indicated clearly that Congress did not equate safeguarding the public health with complete risk elimination. 

The second example here involves (overall) the elimination of a tertiary alcohol—so why couldn t an acid-catalysed El reaction have been used The problem here, nicely solved by the use of the mesylate, is that the molecule contains an acid-sensitive acetal functional group. An acid-catalysed reaction would also have risked eliminating methanol from the other tertiary centre. 

There are advantages in regulating these rather few early measures for risk elimination and reduction through comprehensive horizontal legislation on chemicals. 

The pharmaceutical industry is much more research oriented than other industries and has to cope with higher risks. Due to the high development cost and long development times, risks must be eliminated as early and consequently as possible. Risk elimination must already start in the research phase and before the expensive industrial development commences. High-risk research projects need much time, thus they must be kept small and have to focus only on the major risk factors. Research projects should be clearly separated - if not physically, at least in mind - from the more rigid and much more expensive development. 

A very important aspect of hazard label communication is the ability of the design to communicate risk and to do it in such a way as to evoke desired risk eliminating or reducing behavior. The problem is that the label describing acute hazards usually, and chronic hazards always, is asking people to deal with possible or probable but not certain consequences of exposure to or misuses of a heizardous chemical product. Risk is an exceptionally difficult concept to communicate accurately and with confidence of evoking desired behavior by means of labels. 

Risk elimination In some projects it is possible to eliminate some risks altogether by using a different technology, a different supplier, etc. 

Also, there is a chapter in Innovations in Safety Management titled The Safety Decision Hierarchy. It sets forth a decision-making process for risk elimination and control within the context of the principles of good problem techniques. 

A thorough occupational hygiene survey should be conducted and any potential risks eliminated or controlled. Noise, dust, vibration, ventilation, lighting, and similar hygiene risks all impact on employees. The workplace should be free from these hazards. 

Aviation maintenance human reliability and associated aircraft airworthiness have been the focus of many philosophies and research works previously. Reason (2003) discussed the human variability paradox when this variability acts - within complex human-machine systems - both as source of error and a vital system defence. He thus questioned How can we limit one while still promoting the other In the same orientation, Hollnagel (2007) showed that risk and safety are, by definitions, always linked together. He gave the notion Risk - - barriers = Safety calling for higher safety acquirement through risk elimination. 

Risk elimination actions must be started immediately... 

Recommend and implement risk elimination or control techniques so that management can make intelligent and informed decisions to reduce the risk of hazard to the lowest possible levels of acceptance. 

The system safety analysis techniques known separately as sneak circuit analysis and software safety analysis have been developed in an effort to address these concerns over system safety and reliability assurance. Although various types of sneak hazards can be identified by analysis, and a variety of software hazard analysis techniques are commonly used, each method is concerned primarily with the same essential objective explained throughout this text hazard risk elimination or reduction to acceptable levels. 

While work-related risk inventarisation is easy, risk elimination is often impossible. Using simple means, individuals suffering from CVI can be detected rather adequately (almost 90%). A short questionnaire (Table 1) and a physical examination (Table 2) are sufficient. For males, a threshold weight of about 90 kg was found to be a risk factor (Krijnen et al. 1997a). In females, this threshold is not demonstrated clearly, but adipositas is a risk factor in many studies. In the proposed questionnaire, we defined overweight as being 10 kg or more over the ideal body weight, for... 

Risk elimination, reduction, or control measures are taken to assure that acceptable risk levels are attained. 

Alternative solutions for risk elimination or reduction are determined in accord with a prescribed hierarchy of controls. 

Remedial risk elimination or reduction actions are selected and actions taken to implement them. 

Develop Remediation Proposals. When the results of the risk assessment indicate that risk elimination or reduction measures are to be taken, alternate proposals for the design and operational changes necessary to achieve an acceptable risk level would be recommended. In their order of effectiveness, the actions as shown in Chapter 12, Hierarchy of Controls The Safety Decision Hierarchy, would be the basis on which remedial proposals are made. For each proposal, the remediation cost would be determined and an estimate of its effectiveness in achieving risk reduction given. Risk elimination or reduction methods would then be selected and implemented. 

Five examples of risk assessment matrices follow. First, an adaptation is shown in Table 7 of the Mishap risk categories and mishap acceptance levels as in the working draft of MIL-STD-882E, the Department of Defense Standard Practice For System Safety. A comment in Appendix A of 882E is pertinent here A mishap assessment matrix allows classification by mishap severity and mishap probability and assists in managing the decision-making to achieve the necessary risk elimination or reduction to an acceptable level. ... 

The Department of Defense s Standard Practice for System Safety, MIL-STD-882, was originally issued in 1969. It was a seminal document at that time, and three revisions of it have been issued over the span of 31 years. This standard has had considerable influence on the development of risk assessment, risk elimination, and risk control concepts and methods. Much of the wording on risk assessments and hierarchies of control in safety standards and guidelines issued throughout the world is comparable to that in the various versions of MIL-STD-882. 

What Kepner and Tregoe write in The New Rational Manager about taking preventive and contingent actions in the problem-solving process fits precisely with the risk elimination and amelioration concepts set forth here ... 

The safety decision hierarchy depicts a way of thinking about hazards and risks and establishes an effective order for risk elimination or amelioration. Why propose that safety practitioners adopt a safety decision hierarchy This quote from The New... 

Of course this tension has always characterized regulation, which is why regulation is a form of risk management rather than risk elimination. But arguably the new institutional arrangements for the railway industry heighten... 

While employees should be trained and empowered up to their capabilities and encouraged to make contributions with respect to hazard identification and analysis, and risk elimination or control, they should not be expected to do what they cannot do. 

Such activities are described as forward looking and leading, as opposed to being retrospective as is said of lagging indicators. In no place in the promotional literature are comments made on how the activities relate to the reality of an entity s risk elimination or reduction needs or of the quality of the performance for the activity. Safety training sessions can be effective or not effective. Participation in safety meetings can be productive or not productive. Similar observations can be made about every so-called leading indicator listed. 

These examples are indicators of how safety professionals can become involved in executive decision making, going beyond merely presenting a list of risk elimination or reduction recommendations. 

The above scales, example and action guide serve only to illustrate the principles involved, and - because of resource constraints - may not be generally applicable for practical use in all organisations. However, it does enable insights to be gained in order to prioritise risks, decide the order in which they should be addressed and the amoxmt of money that should be allocated for risk elimination or control. 

HSG65 s hierarchy reflects that risk elimination and the use of physical engineering controls and safeguards to control risk can be more reliably managed rather than... 

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