Chronic hazards

Polyisobutylene and isobutylene—isoprene copolymers are considered to have no chronic hazard associated with exposure under normal industrial use. Some grades can be used in chewing-gum base, and are regulated by the PDA in 21 CPR 172.615. Vulcanized products prepared from butyl mbber or halogenated butyl mbber contain small amounts of toxic materials as a result of the particular vulcanization chemistry. Although many vulcanizates are inert, eg, zinc oxide cured chlorobutyl is used extensively in pharmaceutical stoppers, specific recommendations should be sought from suppHers. 

Chronic hazard The potential for injury or damage to occur as a result of pro-... 

The primary limitation of a HAZOP study is the length of time required to perform it. Because the study is designed to provide a complete analysis, study sessions can be intensive and lii ing. HAZOP studies typically do not look at occupational hazards (e.g., electrical equipment, rotating equipment, hot surfaces) or chronic hazards (e.g., chronic chemical exposure, noise, heat stress). For experience with HAZOP see Swann (1995). 

HAZOP studies typically do not look at occupational hazards (e.g., electrical equipment, rotating equipment, hot surfaces) or chronic hazards (e.g., chronic chemical exposure, noise, heat stress). 

The presence of lead and hexavalent chromium in these products is of chronic hazard concern and the EU has classified these pigments as harmful substances. Lead is soluble at stomach-acid concentrations and can accumulate in the organism. The results of a high lead intake include inactivation of enzymes and disturbances in the synthesis of haemoglobin. Hexavalent chromium compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. For these reasons the usage of lead chromate pigments has declined considerably in recent years. 

Most polymers are inherently non-toxic and can be sufficiently defined to present no unreasonable risk. Site-limited intermediates have limited exposure potential by definition which together with chronic hazard control language will present no unreasonable risk but will result in real economic savings. 

A 25,000-pound per year production rate is not a demarcation between large and small ventures. Such a point would be at a far higher scale of production. Instead, the proposed 25,000-pound exemption represents an economically-justified and virtually risk-free means of aiding innovation in the chemical industry, particularly when coupled with appropriate chronic hazard control language as for intermediates. 

Regardless, it is concluded that TSCA may have had some indirect health effects. Manufacturers of chemicals have increased their awareness of chronic hazards in the workplace, so that occupational exposures are likely to be lower than in the past. This greater awareness is due not to TSCA alone, but... 

One of the prime concerns, apart from acute and subacute toxicity, is the question of whether a product causes chronic effects. In this context, carcinogenicity studies are of cardinal importance. A possible chronic hazard may be indicated by epi-demological studies. Where such investigations are not available, experiments are performed on animals for the duration of their entire life span. The type of application depends on the exposition (perorally, dermally, per inhalation). 

Given this or a similar distribution of exposures, the air-sampling scheme should either measure or account for the interday variability so that accurate estimates of long-term exposure can be obtained. Furthermore, the intraday variability of air concentrations which is the most important factor related to acute hazards is relatively unimportant when considering chronic hazards. 

Elemental mercury readily evolves the vapour which constitutes a severe cumulative and chronic hazard. No mercury surface should ever be exposed to the atmosphere but should be covered with water. All manipulations involving mercury should be carried out in a fume cupboard and over a tray to collect possible spillage. Spilt mercury is best collected using a glass nozzle attached to a water suction pump via a bottle trap the contaminated areas should be spread with a paste of sulphur and lime. 

Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2001. Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP). http //www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/FOIA/Foia01/os/dinp.pdf. March 26, 2002. 

CPSC. 1985. Report to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission by the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on DEHP. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 

Much of OSHA s early work centered around abating mechanical and electrical hazards in the workplace. Beginning with the Hazard Communication Standard in 1986, however, a larger emphasis was placed on eliminating chronic hazards associated with workers exposure to chemicals, including colorants. 

While the current system will continue to rely on the use of acute toxicity data in combination with a lack of rapid degradation and/or a potential to bioaccumulate as the basis for classification for assigning a chronic hazard category, it is recognized that actual chronic toxicity data would form a better basis for classification where these data are available. It is thus the intention that the scheme should be further developed to accommodate such data. It is anticipated that in such a further development, the available chronic toxicity data would be used to classify in the chronic hazard in preference to that derived from their acute toxicity in combination with a lack of rapid degradation and/or a potential to bioaccumulate. 

The classification of mixtures for chronic hazards, based on this summation of classified components, is summarized in Table 4.1.3. 

A2.28 (b) Chronic hazards to the aquatic environment (See Chapter 3.10 for details)... 

On November 18, 1988 the Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act (Public Law 100-695, also known as LHAMA) was passed by Congress and signed into law by the President. This law, which is enforced by the CPSC, amended the FHSA to require manufacturers of art and craft materials to determine if their products pose any chronic health hazards and identify those hazards. If a chronic hazard exists, appropriate warning labels must be placed on the product including the ingredients causing the hazard, and directions for safe use. 

Fenvalerate does not pose significant chronic hazard potential. 

In 1992, the Commission issued guidelines for assessing chronic hazards under the FHSA, including... 

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