Rhizopus oryzae

Lactic acid Rhizopus oryzae Foods and pharmaceuticals... 

Lactic acid Lactobacillus delbrueckii Rhizopus oryzae Calcium lactate is a convenient source of Ca for oral administration constituent of intraperitoneal dialysis solutions... 

A practical technique for lactic acid fermentation of potato pulp has been developed (Oda et al., 2002). They screened 38 strains of the fungus Rhizopus oryzae either lactic acid or fumaric acid and ethanol were formed, and the ratio differed among the strains tested. Saito et al. (2003) studied the effect of pectinolytic enzymes on lactic acid fermentation of potato pulp by different Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 and NBRC 4707 strains. When a commercial preparation of pectinase was added to potato pulp inoculated with fungal spores and incubated for 7 days, both strains effectively produced larger amounts of lactic acid and ethanol. These data indicated that the fermentation of potato pulp depends on the degradation of pectic substances in NRRL 395 and NBRC 4707. Saito et al. (2006) evaluated the potato pulp obtained in different seasons and found pectin content to be dependent on the dates of extraction. 

Huang L.P., Jin, B., Lant, (2005a). Direct fermentation of potato starch wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus. Biopro. Biosyst. Eng. 27. 229-238. 

Oda, Y, Saito, K., Yamauchi, H., Mori, M. (2002). Lactic acid fermentation of potato pulp by Ihe fungus Rhizopus oryzae. Curr. Microbiol., 45, 1. ... 

Saito, K., Kawamura, Y, Oda, Y. (2003). Role of the pectinolytic enzyme in the lactic acid fermentation of potato pulp by Rhizopus oryzae. J. Ind. Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 30,440 44. 

Immobilisation of an Acetobacter aceti strain in calcium alginate resulted in improvement of the operational stability, substrate tolerance and specific activity of the cells and 23 g phenylacetic acid was produced within 9 days of fed-batch cultivation in an airlift bioreactor [133]. Lyophilised mycelia of Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae have been shown to efficiently catalyse ester formation with phenylacetic acid and phenylpropanoic acid and different short-chain alkanols in organic solvent media owing to their carboxylesterase activities [134, 135] (Scheme 23.8). For instance, in n-heptane with 35 mM acid and 70 mM alcohol, the formation of ethyl acetate and propylphenyl acetate was less effective (60 and 65% conversion yield) than if alcohols with increased chain lengths were used (1-butanol 85%, 3-methyl-l-butanol 86%, 1-pentanol 91%, 1-hexanol 100%). This effect was explained by a higher chemical affinity of the longer-chain alcohols, which are more hydrophobic, to the solvent. 

Rhizopus oryzae was immobilized in polyurethane foam cubes by Sun et al. -" The effects of the cube size on cell immobilization, cell growth and L(-i-)-lactic acid production were studied, limnobilization was accomplished by simple adsorption. The use of small cubes for R. oiyzae immobilization was very effective in increasing the productivity of L(-t-)-lactic acid by the immobilized cells. The inoculum size was effective for increasing the immobilization ratio (ratio of the number of cubes containing cells to the total number of cubes). We discussed mass transport problems of polyurethane foam and how the application of certain composite technologies mitigates this difficulty earlier in this chapter. 

Simultaneous L-lactic acid fermentation (by Rhizopus oryzae immobilized in calcium alginate beads) and separation was carried out using a three-phase fluidized-bed bioreactor as a fermenter (F), an external electrodialyzer as a separator, and a pump to recycle the fermentation broth between the bioreactor and the separator. In this way, the experimental specific lactate productivity and yield practically coincided with those obtained in the CaC03-buffered fermentation process (Xuemei et al., 1999), thus confirming the capability of the combined system to alleviate product inhibition without any addition of alkali or alkali salts. It was also shown that the adoption of ED-F for the production of inoculum reduced variability in inoculum quality, thus shortening the length of the lag phase of L-lactate production practically to zero as compared to that observed using an inoculum... 

Xuemei, L., Jianping, L., Mo e, L., and Peilin, C. 1999. L-lactic acid production using immobilized Rhizopus oryzae in a three-phase fluidized-bed with simultaneous product separation by electrodialysis. Bioprocess Eng. 20, 231-237. 

The use of extracellular lipases of microbial origin to catalyze the stereoselective hydrolysis of esters of 3-acylthio-2-methylpropionic acid in an aqueous system has been demonstrated to produce optically active 3-acylthio-2-methyl-propionic acid [41-43], The synthesis of the chiral side chain of captopril by the lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of the thioester bond of racemic 3-acetylthio-2-methylpropionic acid (15) to yield 5 -(-)-(15) has been demonstrated [44], Among various lipases evaluated, lipase from Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 24563 (heat-dried cells), BMS lipase (extracellular lipase derived from the fermentation of Pseudomonas sp. SC 13856), and lipase PS-30 from Pseudomonas cepacia in an organic solvent system (l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-tri-fluoroethane or toluene) catalyzed the hydrolysis of thioester bond of undesired enantiomer of racemic (15) to yield desired S-(-) (15), R-(+)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionic acid (16) and acetic acid (17) (Fig. 8A). The reaction yield of... 

Koutinas, A.A., Malbranque, F., Wang, R.-H., Campbell, G.M. and Webb C. 2007b. Development of an Oat-Based Biorefinery for the Production of Lactic Add by Rhizopus Oryzae and Various Value-Added Co-Products../. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1755-1761. 

Oba and Witholt (1994) interesterified milk fat with oleic acid by a commercial lipase from Rhizopus oryzae immobilised on glass beads. The resulting milk fat, which had been interesterified with oleic acid, had 50% more oleic acid and significantly less palmitic acid, but the level of short-chain fatty acids was not altered. As expected, the melting point of the resulting fat was lower than that of unmodified milk fat... 

Oba, T., Witholt, B. 1994. Interesterification of milk fat with oleic acid catalyzed by immobilized Rhizopus oryzae lipase. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 1790-1797. 

Li et al. (2007) reported the use of dry biomass, Rhizopus oryzae (R. oryzae) IF04697, whole cell-catalyzed methanolysis of soybean oil for biodiesel (methyl ester) in rm-butanol system. Changing one separate factor at a time (COST), live-level-four-factor Central Composite Design (CCD) were used to evaluate the effects of synthesis conditions, such as tert-butanol to oil volume ratio, methanol to oil molar ratio, water content, and dry biomass amount. Biodiesel yields of 72% were obtained under the optimal conditions using the proposed model for prediction. 

Ban, K., Kaieda, M., Matsumoto, T., Kondo, A., and Fukuda, H. 2001. Whole cell biocatalyst for biodiesel fuel production utilizing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles. Biochem. Eng. J.,8, 3 43. 

Biobased polymers from renewable materials have received increased attention recently. Lactate is a building block for bio-based polymers. In the United States, production of lactic acid is greater than 50,000 metric tons/yr and projected to increase exponentially to replace petroleum-based polymers. Domestic lactate is currently manufactured from corn starch using the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae and selected species of lactic acid bacteria. The produced lactic acid can then be polymerized into polylactic acid (PLA) which has many applications (Hatti-Kaul et al., 2007). However, so far, no facility is built to use biomass derived sugars for lactic acid production. More research needs to be done to develop microbes using biomass derived sugars for lactate production. 

Karimi, K., Emitiazi, G., and Taherzadeh, M. J. 2006. Ethanol production from dilute-acid pretreated rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with Mucor indicus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enz Microbial Technol., 40,138-144. 

Figure 18.21. Deracemization of benzoin (62) by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 9363.

Carbohydrase (Rhizopus oryzae var.) Produced as a powder or a liquid by controlled fermentation using Rhizopus oryzae var. Soluble in water, but practically insoluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in ether. Major active principles (1) a-amylase, (2) pectinase, and (3) glucoamylase (amyloglucosidase). Typical applications used in the preparation of starch syrups and fruit juices, vegetable purees, and juices and in the manufacture of cheese. 

Amyloglucosidase) (2) Aspergillus oryzae var. (3) Rhizopus oryzae var. (4) Rhizopus niveus ... 

Pectinaseb carbohydrase (1) Aspergillus niger war. (2) Rhizopus oryzae var. (1) poly(l,4-a-D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase (2) pectin pectylhydrolase (3) poly(l,4-a-D-glacturonide) lyase (4) poly(methoxyl-L- galacturonide) lyase 3.2.1.15 3.1.1.11 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.10... 

Application and Principle This procedure is used to determine the a-amylase activity of enzyme preparations derived from Aspergillus niger var. Aspergillus oryzae var. Rhizopus oryzae var. and barley malt. The assay is based on the time required to obtain a standard degree of hydrolysis of a starch solution at 30° 0.1°. The degree of hydrolysis is determined by comparing the iodine color of the hydrolysate with that of a standard. 

Note Use a pH of 5.0 when testing preparations derived from Aspergillus oryzae var. or Rhizopus oryzae var. 

The pH optimum is 5.0 for Aspergillus oryzae var.—or Rhizopus oryzae var.—derived preparations. 

---