Degree of standardization

Some degree of standardization of methodologies for rats and human experimentation must be done before a reasonable comparison can be made on the correlation between the calcium absorption responses of these two species. 

Meanwhile, however, a third property of great importance in describing chemical moieties, bond angle [both between three atoms (coplanar) and between four or more atoms (in 3-dimensional space)], is not as amenable to standardization. Nevertheless, because some degree of standardization is better than none, a partial utilization of the system based on G. N. Lewis s description of bonding [2] that defines "bond order" as "one-half the number of electrons in bonding orbitals minus one-half the number of electrons in anti-bonding orbitals" has been adopted. 

A differential characteristic which demands a lower degree of standardization is the reaction rate. The rate of a chemical reaction with respect to compound B at a given point is defined as the rate of formation of B in moles per unit time per unit volume. It cannot be measured directly and is determined from the rates of change of some observable quantities such as the amount of substance, concentration, partial pressure, which are subject to measurements. Reaction rates are obtained from observable quantities by use of the conservation equations resulting from the mass balance for the given reactor type. 

An alternative to OEM control systems is generic controllers that may offer plug-in compatibility with the brand name controllers and may provide a degree of standardization. 

The introduction of AutoAnalyzer equipment has resulted in a considerable degree of standardization in the practice of clinical chemistry laboratories. However, it is well known that when "the same techniques and reagents are used with different AutoAnalyzer modules the results, as evidenced by the standard curves, may vary markedly from one set of equipment to another. From a survey conducted to identify the source of this variation, Northam (N2) concluded that, excluding variation in pump-tube sizes, the most likely cause was the considerable differences found in heating-bath coil volumes he also recommended that a standard practice should be followed when publishing details about AutoAnalyzer methods, including suflBcient information about standard curves in these descriptions to allow other laboratories to compare their own performance directly. 

Potential degree of standardization easy possible in principle difficult difficult... 

Holistic design and test approaches are only at their beginnings in the world of MEMS-based mass production. Corresponding tools are still in development and show a relatively low degree of standardization. Therefore the situation may be characterized as a set of coexisting isolated partial solutions. 

Supplementary Engineering Equipment for Process Reaurangement. The conventional process can, in practice, be run manually with on-site operation. In comparison, the additional infrastructure of the new process with its multiple interconnections, as well as accurate maintenance of reaction parameters, requires considerable supplementary installations. Operation of the process is supported by a new control system developed specifically for this purpose. A high degree of standardization and uniform quality is achieved [151]. The new plant has been in operation in Leverkusen since 1989. 

Degree of standardization of the design (a product with well proven standardized components and SW function blocks). 

The metallurgical industry does not enjoy a similar degree of standardization. The processed materials are rocks of varied form and substance at the front end of the plant, and the products are also solids. There are many very different types of ore to be handled, and a wide variety of processes and products. Solid-phase materials transportation means that plants and their layouts tend to be customized, with scope for innovative solutions. Most ores are mainly waste which would be expensive to ship, so at least the front end of the plant has to be built at the mine, and be designed to suit the topography. The processed materials are for the most part relatively non-hazardous. When, as in the case of the platinum industry, highly toxic processes are necessary for the refining of the product, the refinery is usually built and operated as a separate entity from the concentrator and smelter, requiring a different approach and different behaviour. For the majority of low-inherent-hazard processes, the lesser inherent risks facilitate... 

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