Retinal damage

The nurse reports any visual disturbance in patients taking chloroquine to the primary health care provider. Irreversible retinal damage has occurred in patients on long-term therapy with these drugs. 

Hydroxychloroquine administration may result in irritability, nervousness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea This drug also may have adverse effects on the eye, including blurred vision, comeal edema, halos around lights, and retinal damage. Hematologic effects, such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia, may also be seen. 

These dru are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity. Hydroxychloroquine is contraindicated in patients with porphyria (a group of serious inherited disorders affecting the bone marrow or the liver), psoriasis (chronic skin disorder), and retinal disease (may cause irreversible retinal damage). MTX is contraindicated during pregnancy because it is a Pregnancy Category X dmg and may cause birth defects... 

Rao, N.A. (1990). Role of oxygen free radicals in retinal damage associated with experimental uveitis. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 88, 797-850. 

Degenerative retinal damage multiple blood transfusions... 

Ophthalmic effects Irreversible retinal damage has been observed in some patients who had received long-term or high-dosage 4-aminoquinoline therapy for discoid and SLE or RA. When prolonged therapy is contemplated, perform initial (baseline) and periodic (every 3 months) ophthalmologic examinations (including visual acuity, expert slit-lamp, funduscopic, and visual field tests). 

Corneal deposits during the long-term treatment of RA are not uncommon but the most prominent concern is the danger of producing irreversible retinal damage. At the usual antirheumatic doses these risks seem to be less for hydroxychloroquine than for chloroquine. 

Table 11. Compounds investigated for potential retinal damage caused by the specific gravity...

The development of partially fluorinated substances of higher viscosity was based on the idea that the retinal damages induced by PFCLs are caused by the combination of low viscosity and high density. 

V.P. Gabel, K. Kobuch, FI. Floerauf, D.FI. Menz, J. Dresp, FI. Laqua, Specific gravity, the cause of retinal damage induced by perfluorocarbon liquids Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (Suppl.) (2000) 662. 

In presence of cysticercosis, drug mayproduce retinal damage in presence of retinal... 

Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, headache, anorexia, difficulty in accommodation and chronic therapy may cause loss of vision due to retinal damage. On prolonged use it may also cause skin rash, photoallergy, myopathy, loss of hearing, greying of hair and mental disturbances. 

Temporary blindness after severe coma (80,81) and retinal damage by gazing in the sun during hypoglycemia (82) have been reported. 

Retinal damage has been briefly reported as an adverse effect of melatonin (9). 

Chloroquine destroys schizonts in erythrocytes by interfering with DNA synthesis. The phosphate salts are active orally, whereas the hydrochloride salt is used for intravenous purposes. It accumulates in normal and parasitized erythrocytes. Overdosage has caused reversible corneal damage and permanent retinal damage. In toxic doses, chloroquine causes visual disturbances, hyperexcitability, convulsions, and heart block. It is an antimalarial of choice in all cases except chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, it has a certain degree of effectiveness in amebiasis and in the late stages of rheumatoid arthritis. 

IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS TO MINIMIZE EXCITOTOXIC RETINAL DAMAGE... 

Nucci, C., Tartaglione, R., Cerulli, A., Mancino, R., Spano, A., Cavaliere, F., Rombola, L., Bagetta, G., Corasaniti, M. T., and Morrone, L. A. (2007). Retinal damage caused by high intraocular pressure-induced transient ischemia is prevented by coenzyme Q,10 in rat. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 82, 397-406. 

Retinal Damage Caused by High Intraocular Pressure-Induced Transient Ischemia is Prevented by Coenzyme Q10 in Rat... 

Methanol poisoning symptoms include vomiting, headache, bradycardia, and hypotension. Presence of formic acid causes retinal damage. Alcohol is contraindicated in peptic ulcers, hyperacidity, reflux esophagitis, epilepsy, liver dysfunction, unstable personalities, and pregnant women. 

Flavoring 627 Disodium guanylate Canthaxanthin (161g) taken in large quantities in tanning tablets has been associated to retinal damage. It is used as a food color, in poultry feed and fed to farmed salmon and trout to color their flesh. Disodium guanylate (627), Disodium inosinate... 

I. Pharmacological Effect Against Constant White Light-induced Retinal Damage... 

Table 2 Percent recovery against white light-induced retinal damage for male Wistar rats administered experimental agents by topical mydriatica...

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