Corneal damage

Defatting of the skin, rashes, irritation Conjunctivitis, corneal damage... 

HN-3 is similar to HN-1 and HN-2, in that it is a cumulative poison that is highly irritating to the eyes and throat. Permanent corneal damage can occur from vapor exposure alone at concentrations around 200 mg/min/m3. HN-3 does not create sufficient vapor density to cause rash and blistering from a single exposure. Blistering may result from contact with the liquid form, multiple or persistent vapor exposure, or vapor condensation in sweat. A rash will develop from contact with liquid within approximately 1 hour, followed by blistering 6 to 12 hours later. Toxic effects on the eyes are immediate. 

Bone marrow destruction May lead to death not as lethal as HD Severe discomfort to eyes Permanent corneal damage Harsh respiratory effects Damage to bone marrow Damage to digestive tract and endocrine systems... 

Cumulative poison Highly irritating to eyes and throat Permanent corneal damage Skin rash followed by blistering Interferes with blood hemoglobin functioning... 

In a toxicity summary submitted by Eastman Kodak Company (1978), ocular administration of di-n-octylphthalate resulted in slight conjunctival irritation and no corneal damage. No further details were provided. 

Conjunctival irritation and corneal damage were more pronounced and persistent. Healing was complete 2 and 12 days after exposure to the undiluted 1,2-dibromoethane and the 10% solution, respectively (Rowe et al. 1952). 

Symptoms of exposure Strong irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Eye contact may cause corneal damage (Patnaik, 1992). 

In a study of five workers exposed for 7-12 years to concentrations of 80-2 00 ppm at peaks, the principal findings were blackening and hyperkeratosis of the skin of the hands, conjunctivitis (but no corneal damage), bronchitis and pharyngitis, and erosion of the exposed teeth (incisors and canines). Digestive disorders with pyrosis and constipation have also been reported at unspecified prolonged exposures." ... 

Exposure to high concentrations may cause tracheobronchitis and pulmonary edema. The irritation threshold in humans is 0.2 5-0.5 ppm, and concentrations above Ippm are extremely irritating to all mucous membranes within 5 minutes. Fatalities have been reported at levels as low as 10ppm, and 150 ppm was lethal after 10 minutes. The violent irritant effect usually prevents chronic toxicity in humans. Skin contact causes irritation, burns, and epidermal necrosis." Eye splashes cause corneal damage, palpebral edema, blepharoconjunctivitis, and fibrinous or purulent discharge. ... 

Peak methemoglobin levels may occur some hours after exposure, and it has been postulated that metabolic transformation of aniline to phenylhydroxylamine is necessary for the production of methemoglobin. Liquid aniline is mildly irritating to the eyes and may cause corneal damage. ... 

Exposure of rats 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 months at 0.1 ppm caused no effects. Exposure at higher but unstated levels caused poor growth and fatty changes in the liver. In the eyes of rabbits the material caused severe irritation and irreversible corneal damage. The vapor is a lacrimator. On the skin of rabbits it caused slight irritation. 

Eye splashes cause marked conjunctivitis and may result in permanent corneal damage. The lacrimation threshold ranges from 0.3 to... 

The liquid defats the skin and may produce dermatitis with prolonged or repeat contact in the eyes, it causes moderate to marked irritation and transient corneal damage. ... 

Rabbits repeatedly exposed to 50 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks showed corneal damage, pulmonary irritation, moderate peribronchitis, and slight thickening of the vascular walls at 100 ppm, for the same exposure period, there was striking parenchymatous degeneration of the heart muscle in all exposed animals/... 

In the eye, solutions of 15% or more caused lasting corneal damage but a 5% solution only caused minor injury. The injury caused by single applications appears to be attributable to the highly alkaline character of DETA, rather than to some other innate toxicity. ... 

Exposure of rats to 8000 ppm for 4 hours was fatal to two of six animals within 14 days. Rabbits survived exposures to 50 ppm daily for 6 weeks but showed pulmonary irritation and some myocardial degeneration corneal damage was observed 2 weeks after exposure. In the rabbit eye, one drop of a 70% solution of ethylamine caused immediate, severe irritation. A 70% solution dropped on the skin of guinea pigs caused prompt skin burns leading to necrosis when held in contact with guinea pig skin for 24 hours, there was severe skin irritation with extensive necrosis and deep scarring. ... 

In the eye of a rabbit, the liquid caused extreme irritation and corneal damage partial corneal opacity was produced by a 5% solution. The undiluted liquid applied to the shaved skin of rabbits and left uncovered produced severe irritation and necrosis. ... 

The effects of the liquid in the eyes of rabbits are immediate signs of moderate discomfort with mild conjunctivitis but no significant corneal damage. In one human incident of a splash in the eye, there was reversible conjunctival inflammation. The liquid produces no significant irritant action on the skin. 

Severe corneal damage and death resulted from placing 0.005 ml of the liquid in the eyes of rabbits severe eye burns in humans have resulted from direct contact. On the skin, the liquid is a potent irritant and vesicant that may produce sensitization. ... 

Solutions of 25-44% splashed in the eyes have caused severe injury and corneal damage. 

PNA is mildly irritating to the eyes and may cause some corneal damage. ... 

Application of a drop of 1% solution of osmium tetroxide to a rabbit eye caused severe corneal damage, permanent opacity, and superficial vascularization." Osmium compounds have a caustic action on the skin, resulting in eczema and dermatitis. ... 

Instilled in the eye of a rabbit, a 5% aqueous solution produced corneal damage. Contact with the liquid on the skin causes burns, and burns of the mouth and stomach would be expected with ingestion. ... 

The liquid splashed in the eyes of two workers caused transient corneal damage and conjunctival irritation complete recovery occurred within 48 hours. Repeated or pro-... 

Humans are more sensitive chan the test animals, so caution is required in extrapolating animal data to humans. The authors estimated a 6,650-fold safety factor between the EC50 for these threshold values and the CS concentration likely to cause the least detectable corneal damage in the human eye. 

Signs of CA Irritation were similar to those seen at high concentrations, but less severe. Corneal damage seen In monkeys and rabbits early during exposure disappeared while the animals were still in the test chambers. Survivors showed no apparent after-effects. No estimates of ICt5QS or LCt5QS were made from these data. 

---