Pressure, intraocular

Pilocarpine is being less used in medicine as a diaphoretic in dropsy and similar diseases because of its depressant action on the heart. It has also been employed as a substitute for physostigmine to contract the pupil and reduce intraocular pressure. It has been used as an antidote to atropine, but it does not antagonise the action of atropine in the central nervous system. 

G.J. (gastrointestinal). Refers to the digestive system. Glaucoma. Increased intraocular pressure. 

Muscarinic agonists and antagonists are used for the treatment of a variety of pathophysiological conditions. For example, muscarinic agonists (pilocarpine, carba-chol, or aceclidine) reduce intraocular pressure when... 

For example, PGF201 agonists such as latanaprost have been developed as eyedrops to reduce intraocular pressure for the treatment of glaucoma. Topical instillation of these agonists is effective in lowering intraocular pressure and may be used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of glaucoma. 

When a -adrenergic blocking ophthalmic preparation, such as timolol, is administered to patients with glaucoma, it is important to insist that they have periodic follow-up examinations by an ophthalmologist. At these examinations, the intraocular pressure should be measured to determine the effectiveness of drug therapy. 

The miscellaneous anticonvulsants are used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or increased intraocular pressure a history of cardiac, renal or liver dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. When the miscellaneous anticonvulsants are used with other CNS depressants (eg, alcohol, narcotic analgesics, and antidepressants), an additive CNS depressant effect may occur. 

As with all antidepressants, the TCAs are used cautiously in patients witii hepatic or renal impairment. The tricyclics are used cautiously in patients witii heart disease, angina, paroxysmal tachycardia, increased intraocular pressure, prostatic hypertrophy, or a history of seizures. 

Open-angle glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, preoperatively to lower Intraocular pressure (IOP), edema due to CHF, drug-induced edema, centrencephalic epilepsy Glaucoma... 

The term generic indicates the drug is available in generic form. CHF, congestive heart failure IOP, intraocular pressure. 

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that produces free hydrogen ions, which are then exchanged for sodium ions in the kidney tubules. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase This effect results in the excretion of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and water. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors also decrease the production of aqueous humor in the eye, which in turn decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) (ie, the pressure within the eye). 

Miscellaneous—hypersensitivity reactions, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, increased susceptibility to infection, cushingoid appearance (eg, moon face, buffalo hump, hirsutism), cataracts, and increased intraocular pressure. 

Posterior subcapsular cataracts, increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, exophthalmos... 

Various types of preparations are used for the treatment of ophthalmic (eye) disorders such as glaucoma to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP), bacteria or viral infections of the eye, inflammatory conditions, and symptoms of allergy related to the eye... 

The intraocular pressure depends primarily on the rate of secretion of aqueous humour. The most notable con-stititutional difference between aqueous humour and blood plasma lies in their protein contents. Protein concentration in the aqueous is 5-15 mg/100 ml, and that of the plasma is 1000-fold greater (6-7 g/100 ml). However, all the plasma proteins are present in aqueous humour - albeit at very low concentrations, therefore it is... 

It has been revealed that cannabinoids exhibit neuroprotectant activities in both in vitro and in vivo models [249]. The neuroprotective effects are mainly based on regulation of transmitter release, modulation of calcium homeostasis, anti-oxidant properties and modulation of immune responses. A number of neurological disorders, including brain trauma, cerebral ischaemia, Parkinson s disease and Alzheimer s disease represent possible therapeutic areas for cannabinoids with neuroprotective properties. Cannabinoids are also suggested to have potential against glaucoma due to their neuroprotective nature and lowering of intraocular pressure [250]. 

Ocular effects include conjunctival reddening, a slight miosis, and decreased intraocular pressure Cardiovascular tachycardia and vasodilation combined with orthostatic hypotension in high doses... 

The goals of therapy are to prevent further loss of visual function minimize adverse effects of therapy and its impact on the patient s vision, general health, and quality of life control intraocular pressure in order to reduce or prevent further optic nerve damage and educate and involve the patient in the management of their disease. 

Current therapy is directed at altering the flow of aqueous humor, which is the major determinant of intraocular pressure. 

An initial target intraocular pressure should be set at 20% lower than the patient s baseline intraocular pressure. The target intraocular pressure can be set lower (30% to 50% of baseline intraocular pressure) for patients that already have severe disease or have normal-tension glaucoma. 

Decongestants such as OTC pseudoephedrine are sympathomimetic agents that constrict capacitance vessels in the nasal turbinates.17 Decongestants effectively reduce nasal congestion and to some extent rhinorrhea associated with AR.8,12 The recommended dose of pseudoephedrine is 30 to 60 mg every 4 to 6 hours for a maximum daily dose of 240 mg.15 Systemic adverse effects such as irritability, dizziness, headache, tremor, tachycardia, and insomnia can occur. Additionally, use is associated with increased blood pressure and intraocular pressure and urinary obstruction.8,12... 

Loteprednol 1 drop in affected eye(s) four times daily Elevated intraocular pressure, cataracts, decreased wound healing, secondary ocular infections, systemic side effects possible... 

If mast cell stabilizers or multiple-action agents are not successful, a trial of a topical NSAID is appropriate. Ketorolac is the only approved topical agent for ocular itching. NSAIDs do not mask ocular infections, affect wound healing, increase intraocular pressure, or contribute to cataract formation like the topical corticosteroids. However, for allergic conjunctivitis, topical ketorolac is not as effective as olopatadine or emedas-tine in trials.15 Full efficacy of ketorolac takes up to 2 weeks.17... 

Trifluridine 1% topical agent used for acyclovir-resistant herpes infections for 7-14 days Transient burning or stinging, palpebral edema, superficial punctuate, keratopathy, changes in intraocular pressure... 

---