Perfluorocarbon liquids

A set of aryl halides was reacted with carbonyl hydrazides and molybdenum hexacar-bonyl [Mo(CO)6] as a source of carbon monoxide, employing fluorous triphenylphos-phine (F-TPP) as ligand and the perfluorocarbon liquid FC-84 as a perfluorinated solvent (Scheme 7.87 see also Scheme 6.46c). 

S. Chang, E. Ozmert, N.J. Zimmerman, Intraoperative perfluorocarbon liquids in the management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 106 (1988) 668-674. 

K. Kobuch, D.H. Menz, H. Hoerauf, J.H. Dresp, V.P. Gabel, New substances for intraocular tamponades Perfluorocarbon liquids, hydrofluorocarbon liquids and hydrofluorocarbon oligomers in vitreoretinal surgery, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 

Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) are used in vitreoretinal (VR) surgery to stabilise the retina after vitrectomy. These surgical techniques use the hydrodynamic force created by the high specific gravity of the substances. 

S. Chang, H. Lincoff, N.J. Zimmermann, W. Fuchs, Giant retinal tears. Surgical techniques and results using perfluorocarbon liquids, Arch. Ophthalmol. 107 (1989) 761-766. 

M. Velikay, U. Stolba, A. Wedrich, Y. Li, P. Datlinger, S. Binder, The effect of chemical stability and purification of perfluorocarbon liquids in experimental extended-term vitreous substitutes, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 233 (1995) 26-30. 

V.P. Gabel, K. Kobuch, FI. Floerauf, D.FI. Menz, J. Dresp, FI. Laqua, Specific gravity, the cause of retinal damage induced by perfluorocarbon liquids Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (Suppl.) (2000) 662. 

K. Kobuch, B. Fuchs, A. Tomi, J. Roider, V.P. Gabel, The influence of 02 and Co2 concentrations in perfluorocarbon liquids as vitreous substitute on the retinal perfusion, lOVS abstract book 40 (1999) 4052. 

M. Winter, W. Eberhardt, C. Scholz, A. Reichenbach, Failure of potassium siphoning by Muller cells A new hypothesis of perfluorocarbon liquid induced retinopathy, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (2000) 256-261. 

Using a similar philosophy to the perfluorocarbon liquid approach, Piletsky carried out suspension polymerisations in silicone oil. This liquid is also immiscible with some organic liquids, although the range of immiscible combinations is much smaller than for perfluorocarbons. Beads were successfully produced containing imprints of ATP and poly-A in an EDMA/A,A-diethyl-2-aminoethylmethacrylate system with DMF as solvent and an excess of silicone oil as dispersant [21]. 

Chang S, Reppucci V, Zimmerman NJ, Heinemann MH, Coleman DJ. Perfluorocarbon liquids in the management of traumatic retinal detachments. Ophthalmology 1989 96(6) 785-91. 

Silicone oil injection has been used to treat retinal detachment. Six patients who had had previous silicone oil injection had the oil extracted, partial introduction of perfluorocarbon liquids, extraction of epiretinal membranes, endodiathermy, retinotomy, retinectomy, complete filling of the intraocular cavity with perfluorocarbon, endophotocoagulation, and silicone oil injection (10). All maintained the reattached retina. One developed a macular epiretinal membrane. Another developed a macular epiretinal membrane with subfoveal perfluorocarbon and a relapse of the retinal re-detachment when the silicone oil was extracted and it had to be re-introduced. Four of the patients developed different degrees of cataracts the other two were aphakic. 

The liquid perfluorocarbons, with specific gravities between 1.76 and 1.94, are denser than vitreous and are helpful in flattening the retina when vitreous is present. If a lens becomes dislocated into the vitreous, a perfluorocarbon liquid injection posteriorly will float the lens anteriorly, facilitating surgical retrieval. This liquid can be an important tool for flattening and unroUing severely detached and contorted retinas such as those found in giant retinal tears and proliferative vitreo-retinopathy but are potentially toxic if it remains in chronic contact with the retina. 

The most widely used dispersing agent is water. However, the water can interrupt template-monomer bonding more especially if the non-covalentimprinting method is used. Perfluorocarbon liquid as a dispersing medium was used to produce MIPs with good recognition properties [Mayes and Mosbach, 1996 Hantash et al., 2006]. 

Figure 5 A scanning electron micrograph for MIP beads prepared against Boc-L-Phe using suspension polymerization in perfluorocarbon liquid. Reprinted in part with permission from Ref. 21. Copyright (1996) American Chemical Society.

Common liquid phases belong to one or other of the categories (1) hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon liquids, (2) ether and ester liquids, (3) ionic liquids, and (4) poly(siloxanes). Of these, poly(siloxanes) and poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phases dominate the practice of WCOT columns, because unlike most liquids they can be immobilized by simple chemical reactions to prepare films of different thickness that are stable to temperature variation and solvent rinsing while retaining favorable kinetic properties. 

FIGURE 15.1 Transmission electron microscope image of calcium phosphate coated (dark rings) rOC. Gray interior is electron-rich perfluorocarbon liquid. 

Nd(POM- )3, gave enhanced luminescence in DMSO-c 6 by minimizing the energy migration during diffusional collisions in the liquid matrix. Kuriki etal. doped the complexes of deuterated l,l,l,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-3,5-heptanedione, [R(fhd-fi()3] (R = Pr, Nd, Er, Tm), into a perfluorocarbon liquid (3 M PF-5080) and into the perfluorinated polymer cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP). A comparison study of the peak positions in the emission spectrum of [Nd(fhd-J)3] in PMMA-afg with that of the same complex in a perfluorocarbon liquid shows that the F3/2 - 19/2 transition in PMMA-afg is shifted to shorter wavelengths. NIR emission around 1550nm was observed for an octupolar Er + complex in PMMA. ... 

Euhrman BP. Perfluorocarbon liquid ventilation the first human trial. J Pediatr 1990 117(part 1 of 2) 73-74. 

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