Retarded growth

Since feeds contain other substances than those required by the animals of interest, studies have also been conducted on antinutritional factors in feedstuffs and on the use of additives. Certain feed ingredients contain chemicals that retard growth or may actually be toxic. Examples are gossypol in cottonseed meal and trypsin inhibitor in soybean meal. Restriction on the amount of the feedstuffs used is one way to avoid problems. In some cases, as is tme of trypsin inhibitor, proper processing can destroy the antinutritional factor. In this case, heating of soybean meal is effective. 

Sulfur Disorders. Sulfur nutrient deficiency results in retarded growth, and faulty utilization in homocystinuria. 

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

Data suggestive of adverse developmental effects after an assumed acute oral exposure to organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids are restricted to an observation of retarded growth in calves of cows with reduced lactation, and "abnormal" growth in a calf of a cow that showed moderate ataxia, after the cows ingested grass probably contaminated with Fyrquel 150 (Beck et al. 1977). 

Hexavalent chromium retards growth of Chinook salmon at 0.0002mg/L. Hexavalent... 

Diagnosis of a urea cycle defect in the older child can be elusive. Patients may present with psychomotor retardation, growth failure, vomiting, behavioral abnormalities, perceptual difficulties, recurrent cerebellar ataxia and headache. It is therefore essential to monitor the blood ammonia in any patient with unexplained neurological symptoms, but hyperammonemia is inconstant with partial enzymatic defects. Measurement of blood amino acids and urinary orotic acid is indicated. 

Signs of nickel deficiency in the laboratory white rat (Rattus sp.) include retarded growth, anemia, a reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin values, decreased enzyme activities (malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha amylase), a reduction in liver total lipids... 

An endemic zinc deficiency syndrome among young men has been reported from Iran and Egypt, and is characterized by retarded growth, infantile testes, delayed sexual maturation, mental lethargy, anemia, reduced concentration of zinc in plasma and red cells, enlarged liver and spleen, and hyperpigmentation oral supplementation of 30 mg Zn daily had a prompt beneficial effect (Prasad 1979 Elinder 1986). 

Data are scarce on the toxicity of PCP to mammalian wildlife, but studies with livestock and small laboratory animals show that the chemical is rapidly excreted. However, there is great variability between species in their ability to depurate PCP, as well as in their overall sensitivity. Acute oral LD50 values in laboratory animals were 27 to 300 mg/kg BW. Tissue residues were elevated at dietary levels as low as 0.05 mg/kg feed and at air levels >0.1 mg/m3. Histopathology, reproductive impairment, and retarded growth were evident at doses of 0.2 to 1.25 mg/kg BW, and when the diets fed contained >30 mg PCP/kg. 

Haines reported that ozone at 4 ppm retarded growth of Escherichia colit whereas 10 ppm prevented growth. Scott and Lesher found that approximately 2 x 10 molecules of ozone per bacterium killed 50% of the cells of E. coli and that the primary effect was on the cell membrane. 

Increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission can cause several side effects including insomnia, irritability, decreased appetite, and nausea. On rare occasions, increasing dopamine tone can trigger paranoia, hallucinations, or involuntary movements known as tics. There has also been some concern that prolonged use of stimulants to treat childhood ADHD can retard growth. 

A deficienqf of zinc in humans will retard growth, both physically and mentally, and contribute to anemia. It is present in many foods, particularly proteins (meat). A balanced diet provides an adequate amount of zinc. Not more than 50 milligrams per day of dietary zinc supplement should be taken, given that high levels of zinc in the body are toxic. Human bodies contain about two grams of zinc. A deficiency of zinc can cause a lack of taste and can delay growth as well as cause retardation in children. 

Singh AV, Xiao D, Lew KL, Dhir R, Singh SV. (2004) Sulforaphane induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cultured PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and retards growth of PC-3 xenografts in vivo. Carcinogenesis 25 83-90. 

Growth regulator Stimulates or retards growth of plants or insects... 

Most cobalt found on earth is diffused into the rocks. It also is found in coal and soils, and at trace concentations in animals and plants. It is an essential element for plants and animals (as vitamin B12). Its absence in animals can cause retarded growth, anemia and loss of apetite. The element has been detected in meteorites and in the atmospheres of the sun and other stars. 

Deficiency of this coenzyme can lead to many manifestations. Clinical signs include retarded growth, acrodynia, alopecia, skeletal changes and anemia, while changes in neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), tryptamine, tyramine, histamine, y-aminobutyric acid, and taurine, affect the brain function and can lead to seizures and convulsions. An overdose of vitamin Bg leads to neuronal damage and sensory and motor effects [417],... 

Retarded growth, low food intake, abnormal blood 15... 

---