Growth retardation and

Most of the GA-synthesis inhibitors characterized so far affect two segments of the compHcated pathway from MVA to the many different GAs identified. The cycHzation reactions that produce / Akaurene are inhibited by the onium growth retardants, and the oxidations of /-kaurene to /-kaurenoic acid are sensitive to heterocycHc triazoles such as paclobutrazol and similar compounds. Other enzymes in the pathway are points for pathway dismption by as yet undeveloped GA biosynthesis inhibitors (236). 

No data were found on the effects of silver compounds on avian or mammalian wildlife. All controlled studies with silver were with domestic poultry, livestock, or small laboratory mammals. Signs of chronic silver ion intoxication in tested birds and mammals included cardiac enlargement, vascular hypertension, hepatic necrosis, anemia, lowered immunological activity, altered membrane permeability, kidney pathology, enzyme inhibition, growth retardation, and a shortened life span (Smith and Carson 1977 Freeman 1979 Fowler and Nordberg 1986 USPHS 1990). 

Cathey, H. M., and H. E. Heggestad. Effects of growth retardants and fumigations with ozone and sulfur dioxide on growth and flowering of Euphorbia pulcherrima WUld. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 98 3-7, 1973. 

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 2. Patients with this condition have a defect in the transport or production of the carrier molecule for the carbohydrate L-fucose (guanosine disphosphate L-fucose). The lack of fucose affects the ability of neutrophils to interact with ligands on endothelial cells such as P-selectins and E-selectins (81). Patients are susceptible to recurrent infections similar to those afflicting patients with type 1 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, have periodontal problems, and, in addition, may exhibit growth retardation and neurologic defects. Treatment with oral fucose has been known to be effective in reducing the frequency of infections (80). 

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2 Same cUnical problems as in type 1. In addition, patients have growth retardation and neurologic defects. Treatment wifii oral fucose reduces frequency of infections. 

The four major categories of manifestations of altered development are death, malformation, growth retardation, and functional deficits. 

Dextroamphetamine, the d-isomer of amphetamine, is available in immediate-release and extended-release formulations. It is functionally more potent than methylphenidate and may be associated with a greater risk of growth retardation and abuse. 

At 25 mg/L and higher, growth retardation and 23 delayed vaginal opening obsen/ed some maternal deaths occurred and were associated with blood lead concentrations... 

Retardants that operate through enhanced ethylene production do not promote biosynthesis but act via chemical decomposition. Thus, at a pH of 3.5 and above, ethephon breaks down to form ethylene (Figure 5.10). Such materials are effective growth retardants and are used mainly in cereals. 

Exposure by inhalation to methyl chloride causes fetal growth retardation and impaired male reproductive capacity in rats and malformations of the heart in fetal mice (lARC, 1986). The preimplantation losses described in rats in which the males were exposed to 6300 mg/m methyl chloride for 6 h per day for five days were due to a failure of fertilization rather than preimplantation embryonic death. A concentration of 2100 mg/m3 had no effect upon fertilization (Working Bus, 1986). 

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