Residues of pesticide

Children are likely to be exposed to methyl parathion in the same ways as adults, mainly by eating foods or drinking milk or water that contain residues of this chemical. Because of their smaller weight, children s intake of methyl parathion per kilogram of body weight may be greater than that of adults. The FDA and EPA permit residues of pesticides to be present in crops used as food, and these amounts are considered to be safe. The EPA, however, has recently used stricter regulations and has canceled the use of methyl parathion on food crops... 

Butler PA, Schutzmann RL. 1978. Fish, wildlife and estuaries Residues of pesticides and PCBs in estuarine fish, 1972-1976—national pesticide monitoring program. PesticMonitJ 12 51-59. 

Exposures of Children. Data need to be developed to properly assess the exposure of infants who eat processed baby foods containing residues of pesticides such as endosulfan. Several studies have estimated exposure based on endosulfan concentration found in foods typically eaten by infants however, no studies that directly studied infant exposure could be located. Attention should also be given to infant formulas and to the tap water used to prepare infant formulas from condensed or powdered forms. More data are also required to properly assess endosulfan exposure to children who live, play, or attend school near farmlands that are treated with endosulfan. Maps that catalog endosulfan use on crops and present average application rates would better allow an assessment of the potential for children in farming communities to be exposed. The possibility that farming parents work clothes and shoes may carry endosulfan residues into the home also should be studied. In addition, home use of endosulfan, which may result in exposure of children, needs to be investigated. 

F.A. Gunther, (ed.), Residue Reviews (Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feed), Academic Press, New York, and Springer, Berlin (1962) (subsequent volumes are up to Vol. 171, 2001, edited by G. Ware). 

Analytical Methods for Residues of Pesticides in Foodstuffs, fifth edition, Rijswiik (1988) amended by Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues in Foodstuffs, ed. P. van Zoonen, sixth edition. General Inspectorate for Health Protection, The Hague (1996). 

Committee for Analytical Methods for Residue of Pesticides and Veterinarian Products in Foodstuffs by Headspace Method, of MAFF, Report by the Panel of the Determination of Dithiocar-bamate Residues, Ana/yit, 106,781 (1981). 

You are employed in an analytical laboratory in a group measuring the concentration of residues of pesticides. Your company is developing tests for a new pesticide to determine the amount that is left in food after harvesting. You are asked to set up a quality management system, because your laboratory s management has decided that the quality of your group s analytical work should be assessed by an appropriate independent authority. 

Public and regulatory concern over the potential cancer risks posed by pesticide residues in the diet has been significant over the past two decades. While the consumption of foods containing residues of pesticides has not been correlated with the development of human cancers, pestieide exposure has been linked to some cancers in agricultural workers. In most cases, however,... 

Analysis of PDP data from 1994 to 1999 showed that 73% of approximately 27,000 food samples that had no market claim (conventional or organic) showed detectable residues, while 23% of 127 fresh food samples designated as organic had detectable residue levels (Baker et al., 2002). Unavoidable contamination of some of the organic samples was due to the presence of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, which had been banned several years earlier, but 13% of the organic samples showed residues of pesticides other than the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. 

Evaluating the safety of food components, constituents, additives and residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs... 

Variation in residues of pesticides on terrestrial invertebrates (D. Fischer, pers. 

Melnikov NN. 1971. I. Introduction. In Gunther FA, Gunther JD, ed. Residue reviews Residues of pesticides and other foreign chemicals in foods and feeds. Vol. 36. New York, NY Springer-Verlag. 

There are several suggested sources which are useful guidelines for determining residues of pesticides on soil and leaf surfaces (dislodgeable) and conducting field reentry studies involving human volunteers (3), (4), and (5.). Human... 

Panel 2 of the Committee for Analytical Methods for Residues of Pesticides and Veterinary Products in Foodstuffs of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1976) Analyst 101 386. 

Sulfur compounds produced by yeast metabolism (and residues of pesticide treatment)... 

Only where all of these approaches are used is there likely to be the chance of convincing consumers that they are protected against unsafe levels of pesticides in food. Many consumers have now been influenced by the media to think that all residues of pesticides in food are unsafe. This has contributed to the growth in demand for organic food. 

Data from the PRC show that approximately 30% of food consumed in the UK contains measurable residues of pesticides (Table 10.5) and that approximately 1% contains residues above the MRL based on the Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)-compliant use of pesticides. 

Table 10.5 Frequency of residues of pesticides in food determined as part of the UK s monitoring programme (data from MAFF 1995-1999)...

This chapter briefly describes how European Community (EC) legislation on chemical contaminants in foodstuffs is developed, adopted and enforced. In this context the term chemical contaminants covers residues of pesticides and veterinary dmgs, heavy metals, mycotoxins and nitrate. 

In 1998, PDP collected samples of apple juice, cantaloupe, grape juice, green beans, orange juice, pears, spinach, strawberries, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, com symp, milk, and soybeans. A total of 8500 samples were collected. Most of these were from fmits and vegetables (7017) with lower numbers of samples collected for whole milk (595), soybeans (590) and com symp (298). The majority of samples (84 percent) was of domestic origin. Overall, 45 percent of the samples contained no detectable residue while 26 percent contained one residue and 29 percent contained more than one residue. Residues exceeding the tolerance level were detected on 0.15 percent of the samples. In another 3.7 percent of the samples, residues of pesticides were detected on commodities for which no tolerances of the pesticides were established (USDA, 2000). 

One approach to reduce the contaminant levels consists in reusing the wasted plastic as the core of the new material. Residues of pesticides or harmful contaminants may limit recycling of plastics as a result of their potential toxicity. Utilisation of post-consumer plastics for pharmaceutical or food-contact applications is forbidden, and multilayer food packaging materials manufactured using functional barriers are subjected to strict regulations [9, 40, 41]. 

Meat, eggs, and milk The POPs are hydrophobic and lipophilic substances, and can easily transfer into materials with high organic contents, leading to bioaccumulation. Due to the high fat content of meat, eggs, and milk, these foods are important potential sources of human exposure to pesticide POPs. Table 3.14 shows the residue of pesticide DDT in meat, eggs, and milk in China. 

Above, the pollution situation associated with persistent pesticides in China has been summarized for environmental media including air, water, soil, and sediment. The residues of pesticide POPs in food have also been summarized. Other studies on POP residues, such as residues... 

While the residues in the environment could reflect the current pollution level of pesticide POPs in China, the residues in fat, blood, and tissues of the human body reflect the impact of pesticide POPs on humans. Currently, the research on residues of pesticide POPs in the human body is being done mainly for medical purposes. Although a detailed description is outside the scope of this paper, a brief description is provided below. 

Armour, M.A. et al., Decontamination of spills and residues of pesticides and protective clothing worn during their handling, Proceedings of the Pacific Basin Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia, 1996, 44. 

Armour, M.A., et al., Decontamination of spills and residues of pesticides and protective... 

Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (1971) Residue of pesticides and other foreign chemicals in foods and feeds. Res. Rev. 36, 69-77. Gunther, F.A., Westlake, W.E., Jaglan, P.S. (1968) Reported solubilities of 738 pesticide chemicals in water. Res. Rev. 20, 1-148. Haag, W.R., Yao, C.C.D. (1992) Rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1005-1013. 

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